1.0 Don't Stress!

If you start out using one DVCS and later decide you like the other better, you can easily move your content.¹

Fossil and Git are very similar in many respects, but they also have important differences. See the table below for a high-level summary and the text that follows for more details.

Keep in mind that you are reading this on a Fossil website, and though we try to be fair, the information here might be biased in favor of Fossil. Ask around for second opinions from people who have used both Fossil and Git.

2.0 Differences Between Fossil And Git

Differences between Fossil and Git are summarized by the following table, with further description in the text that follows.

GIT	FOSSIL
File versioning only	Versioning, Tickets, Wiki, Technotes, Forum
Ad-hoc pile-of-files key/value database	Relational SQL database
Bazaar-style development	Cathedral-style development
Designed for Linux kernel development	Designed for SQLite development
Many contributors	Select contributors
Focus on individual branches	Focus on the entire tree of changes
Lots of little tools	Stand-alone executable
One check-out per repository	Many check-outs per repository
Remembers what you should have done	Remembers what you actually did

2.1 Feature Set

Git provides file versioning services only, whereas Fossil adds integrated wiki, ticketing & bug tracking, embedded documentation, technical notes, and a forum. These additional capabilities are available for Git as 3rd-party add-ons, but with Fossil they are integrated into the design. One way to describe Fossil is that it is "GitHub-in-a-box."

If you clone Git's self-hosting repository, you get just Git's source code. If you clone Fossil's self-hosting repository, you get the entire Fossil website — source code, documentation, ticket history, and so forth. That means you get a copy of this very article and all of its historical versions, plus the same for all of the other public content on this site.

For developers who choose to self-host projects (rather than using a 3rd-party service such as GitHub) Fossil is much easier to set up, since the stand-alone Fossil executable together with a 2-line CGI script suffice to instantiate a full-featured developer website. To accomplish the same using Git requires locating, installing, configuring, integrating, and managing a wide assortment of separate tools. Standing up a developer website using Fossil can be done in minutes, whereas doing the same using Git requires hours or days.

2.2 Database

The baseline data structures for Fossil and Git are the same, modulo formatting details. Both systems store check-ins as immutable objects referencing their immediate ancestors and named by a cryptographic hash of the check-in content.

The difference is that Git stores its objects as individual files in the ".git" folder or compressed into bespoke "pack-files," whereas Fossil stores its objects in a relational (SQLite) database file. To put it another way, Git uses an ad-hoc pile-of-files key/value database whereas Fossil uses a proven, general-purpose SQL database. This difference is more than an implementation detail. It has important consequences.

With Git, one can easily locate the ancestors of a particular check-in by following the pointers embedded in the check-in object, but it is difficult to go the other direction and locate the descendants of a check-in. It is so difficult, in fact, that neither native Git nor GitHub provide this capability. With Git, if you are looking at some historical check-in then you cannot ask "What came next?" or "What are the children of this check-in?"

Fossil, on the other hand, parses essential information about check-ins (parents, children, committers, comments, files changed, etc.) into a relational database that can be easily queried using concise SQL statements to find both ancestors and descendents of a check-in.

Leaf check-ins in Git that lack a "ref" become "detached," making them difficult to locate and subject to garbage collection. This "detached head" problem has caused untold grief for countless Git users. With Fossil, all check-ins are easily located using a variety of attributes (parents, children, committer, date, full-text search of the check-in comment) and so detached heads are simply not possible.

The ease with which check-ins can be located and queried in Fossil has resulted in a huge variety of reports and status screens (examples) that show project state in ways that help developers maintain enhanced awareness and comprehension and avoid errors.

2.3 Linux vs. SQLite

Fossil and Git promote different development styles because each one was specifically designed to support the creator's main software development project: Linus Torvalds designed Git to support development of the Linux kernel, and D. Richard Hipp designed Fossil to support the development of SQLite. Both projects must rank high on any objective list of "most important FOSS projects," yet these two projects are almost entirely unlike one another. So, too, are these two DVCSes.

In the following sections, we will explain how three key differences between Linux and SQLite dictated the design of each DVCS's low-friction usage path.

When deciding between these two DVCSes, you should ask yourself, "Is my project more like Linux or more like SQLite?"

2.3.1 Development Organization

Eric S. Raymond's seminal essay-turned-book "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" details the two major development organization styles found in FOSS projects. As it happens, Linux and SQLite fall on opposite sides of this dichotomy. Differing development organization styles dictate a different design and low-friction usage path in the tools created to support each project.

Git promotes the Linux kernel's bazaar development style, in which a loosely-associated mass of developers contribute their work through a hierarchy of lieutenants who manage and clean up these contributions for consideration by Linus Torvalds, who has the power to cherrypick individual contributions into his version of the Linux kernel. Git allows an anonymous developer to rebase and push specific locally-named private branches, so that a Git repo clone often isn't really a clone at all: it may have an arbitrary number of differences relative to the repository it originally cloned from. Git encourages siloed development. Select work in a developer's local repository may remain private indefinitely.

All of this is exactly what one wants when doing bazaar-style development.

Fossil's normal mode of operation differs on every one of these points, with the specific designed-in goal of promoting SQLite's cathedral development model:

• Personal engagement: SQLite's developers know each other by name and work together daily on the project.

• Trust over hierarchy: SQLite's developers check changes into their local repository, and these are immediately and automatically sync'd up to the central repository; there is no "dictator and lieutenants" hierarchy as with Linux kernel contributions. D. Richard Hipp rarely overrides decisions made by those he has trusted with commit access on his repositories. Fossil allows you to give some users more power over what they can do with the repository, but Fossil does not otherwise directly support the enforcement of a development organization's social and power hierarchies. Fossil is a great fit for flat organizations.

• No easy drive-by contributions: Git pull requests offer a low-friction path to accepting drive-by contributions. Fossil's closest equivalent is its unique bundle feature, which requires higher engagement than firing off a PR.² This difference comes directly from the initial designed purpose for each tool: the SQLite project doesn't accept outside contributions from previously-unknown developers, but the Linux kernel does.

• No rebasing: When your local repo clone syncs changes up to its parent, those changes are sent exactly as they were committed locally. There is no rebasing mechanism in Fossil, on purpose.

• Sync over push: Explicit pushes are uncommon in Fossil-based projects: the default is to rely on autosync mode instead, in which each commit syncs immediately to its parent repository. This is a mode so you can turn it off temporarily when needed, such as when working offline. Fossil is still a truly distributed version control system; it's just that its starting default is to assume you're rarely out of communication with the parent repo.
  
  This is not merely a reflection of modern always-connected computing environments. It is a conscious decision in direct support of SQLite's cathedral development model: we don't want developers going dark, then showing up weeks later with a massive bolus of changes for us to integrate all at once. Jim McCarthy put it well in his book on software project management, Dynamics of Software Development: "Beware of a guy in a room."

• Branch names sync: Unlike in Git, branch names are not purely local labels. They sync along with everything else, so everyone sees the same set of branch names.

• Private branches are rare: Private branches exist in Fossil, but they're normally used to handle rare exception cases, whereas in many Git projects, they're part of the straight-line development process.

• Identical clones: Fossil's autosync system tries to keep local clones identical to the repository it cloned from.

Where Git encourages siloed development, Fossil fights against it. Fossil places a lot of emphasis on synchronizing everyone's work and on reporting on the state of the project and the work of its developers, so that everyone — especially the project leader — can maintain a better mental picture of what is happening, leading to better situational awareness.

Each DVCS can be used in the opposite style, but doing so works against their low-friction paths.

2.3.2 Scale

The Linux kernel has a far bigger developer community than that of SQLite: there are thousands and thousands of contributors to Linux, most of whom do not know each others names. These thousands are responsible for producing roughly 89⨉ more code than is in SQLite. (10.7 MLOC vs. 0.12 MLOC according to SLOCCount.) The Linux kernel and its development process were already uncommonly large back in 2005 when Git was designed, specifically to support the consequences of having such a large set of developers working on such a large code base.

95% of the code in SQLite comes from just four programmers, and 64% of it is from the lead developer alone. The SQLite developers know each other well and interact daily. Fossil was designed for this development model. As well, we think the fact of Fossil's birth a year later than Git allowed it to learn from some of the key design mistakes in Git.

We think you should ask yourself whether you have Linus Torvalds scale software configuration management problems or D. Richard Hipp scale problems when choosing your DVCS. An automotive air impact wrench running at 8000 RPM driving an M8 socket-cap bolt at 16 cm/s is not the best way to hang a picture on the living room wall.

2.3.3 Accepting Contributions

As of this writing, Git has received about 4.5⨉ as many commits as Fossil resulting in about 2.5⨉ as many lines of source code. The line count excludes tests and in-tree third-party dependencies. It does not exclude the default GUI for each, since it's integral for Fossil, so we count the size of gitk in this.

It is obvious that Git is bigger in part because of its first-mover advantage, which resulted in a larger user community, which results in more contributions. But is that the only reason? We believe there are other relevant differences that also play into this which fall out of the "Linux vs. SQLite" framing: licensing, community structure, and how we react to drive-by contributions. In brief, it's harder to get a new feature into Fossil than into Git.

A larger feature set size is not necessarily a good thing. Git's command line interface is famously arcane. Masters of the arcane are able to do wizardly things, but only by studying their art deeply for years. This strikes us as a good thing only in cases where use of the tool itself is the primary point of that user's work.

Most DVCS users are not using a DVCS for its own sake, so we do not want the DVCS with the most features, we want the one with a more easily internalized behavior set, which we can pick up, use quickly, and then set aside in order to get back to our actual job as quickly as possible. There is some minimal set of features required to achieve that, but there is a level beyond which more features only slow us down while we're learning about the DVCS, as we must plow through documentation on features we're not likely to ever use. When the number of features grows to the point where people of normal motivation cannot spend the time to master them all, you make the tool less productive to use.

We achieve this balance between feature set size and ease of use by carefully choosing which users to give commit bits to, then in being choosy about which of the contributed feature branches to merge down to trunk.

The end result is that Fossil more closely adheres to the principle of least astonishment than Git does.

2.4 Individual Branches vs. The Entire Change History

Both Fossil and Git store history as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) of changes, but Git tends to focus more on individual branches of the DAG, whereas Fossil puts more emphasis on the entire DAG.

For example, the default "sync" behavior in Git is to only sync a single branch, whereas with Fossil the only sync option it to sync the entire DAG. Git commands, GitHub, and GitLab tend to show only a single branch at a time, whereas Fossil usually shows all parallel branches at once. Git has commands like "rebase" that help keep all relevant changes on a single branch, whereas Fossil encourages a style of many concurrent branches constantly springing into existance, undergoing active development in parallel for a few days or weeks, then merging back into the main line and disappearing.

This difference in emphasis arises from the different purposes of the two systems. Git focuses on individual branches, because that is exactly what you want for a highly-distributed bazaar-style project such as Linux. Linus Torvalds does not want to see every check-in by every contributor to Linux, as such extreme visibility does not scale well. But Fossil was written for the cathedral-style SQLite project with just a handful of active committers. Seeing all changes on all branches all at once helps keep the whole team up-to-date with what everybody else is doing, resulting in a more tightly focused and cohesive implementation.

2.5 Lots of little tools vs. Self-contained system

Git consists of many small tools, each doing one small part of the job, which can be recombined (by experts) to perform powerful operations. Git has a lot of complexity and many dependencies and requires an "installer" script or program to get it running.

Fossil is a single self-contained stand-alone executable with hardly any dependencies. Fossil can be (and often is) run inside a minimally configured chroot jail. To install Fossil, one merely puts the executable somewhere in the $PATH.

The designer of Git says that the Unix philosophy is to have lots of small tools that collaborate to get the job done. The designer of Fossil says that the Unix philosophy is "It just works." Both individuals have written their DVCSes to reflect their own view of the "Unix philosophy."

2.6 One vs. Many Check-outs per Repository

A "repository" in Git is a pile-of-files in the ".git" subdirectory of a single check-out. The check-out and the repository are located together in the filesystem.

With Fossil, a "repository" is a single SQLite database file that can be stored anywhere. There can be multiple active check-outs from the same repository, perhaps open on different branches or on different snapshots of the same branch. Long-running tests or builds can be running in one check-out while changes are being committed in another.

Git version 2.5 adds a feature to emulate Fossil's decoupling of the repository from the check-out tree, which it calls "git-worktree." This command sets up a series of links in the filesystem to allow a single repository to host multiple check-outs. However, the interface is sufficiently difficult to use that most people find it easier to create a separate clone for each check-out. There are also practical consequences of the way it's implemented that make worktrees not quite equivalent to the main Git repo + checkout tree.

With Fossil, the complete decoupling of repository and check-out tree means every working check-out tree is treated equally. It's common in Fossil to have a check-out tree for each major working branch so that you can switch branches with a "cd" command rather than replace the current working file set with a different file set by updating in place, as Git prefers.

2.7 What you should have done vs. What you actually did

Git puts a lot of emphasis on maintaining a "clean" check-in history. Extraneous and experimental branches by individual developers often never make it into the main repository. And branches are often rebased before being pushed, to make it appear as if development had been linear. Git strives to record what the development of a project should have looked like had there been no mistakes.

Fossil, in contrast, puts more emphasis on recording exactly what happened, including all of the messy errors, dead-ends, experimental branches, and so forth. One might argue that this makes the history of a Fossil project "messy." But another point of view is that this makes the history "accurate." In actual practice, the superior reporting tools available in Fossil mean that the added "mess" is not a factor.

Like Git, Fossil has an amend command for modifying prior commits, but unlike in Git, this works not by replacing data in the repository, but by adding a correction record to the repository that affects how later Fossil operations present the corrected data. The old information is still there in the repository, it is just overridden from the amendment point forward. For extreme situations, Fossil adds the shunning mechanism, but it has strict limitations that prevent global history rewrites.

One commentator characterized Git as recording history according to the victors, whereas Fossil records history as it actually happened.

3.0 Missing Features

Most of the capabilities found in Git are also available in Fossil and the other way around. For example, both systems have local check-outs, remote repositories, push/pull/sync, bisect capabilities, and a "stash." Both systems store project history as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) of immutable check-in objects.

But there are a few capabilities in one system that are missing from the other.

3.1 Features found in Fossil but missing from Git

• The ability to show descendents of a check-in.

Both Git and Fossil can easily find the ancestors of a check-in. But only Fossil shows the descendents. (It is possible to find the descendents of a check-in in Git using the log, but that is sufficiently difficult that nobody ever actually does it.)

• Wiki, Embedded documentation, Trouble-tickets, Tech-Notes, and Forum

Git only provides versioning of source code. Fossil strives to provide other related project management services as well.

• Named branches

Branches in Fossil have persistent names that are propagated to collaborators via push and pull. All developers see the same name on the same branch. Git, in contrast, uses only local branch names, so developers working on the same project can (and frequently do) use a different name for the same branch.

• The fossil all command

Fossil keeps track of all repositories and check-outs and allows operations over all of them with a single command. For example, in Fossil is possible to request a pull of all repositories on a laptop from their respective servers, prior to taking the laptop off network. Or it is possible to do "fossil all changes" to see if there are any uncommitted changes that were overlooked prior to the end of the workday.

• The fossil ui command

Fossil supports an integrated web interface. Some of the same features are available using third-party add-ons for Git, but they do not provide nearly as many features and they are not nearly as convenient to use.

• The fossil undo command

Whenever Fossil is told to modify the local checkout in some destructive way (fossil rm, fossil update, fossil revert, etc.) Fossil remembers the prior state and is able to return the local check-out directory to its prior state with a simple "fossil undo" command. You cannot undo a commit, since writes to the actual repository — as opposed to the local check-out directory — are more or less permanent, on purpose, but as long as the change is simply staged locally, Fossil makes undo easier than in Git.

3.2 Features found in Git but missing from Fossil

• Rebase

Because of its emphasis on recording history exactly as it happened, rather than as we would have liked it to happen, Fossil deliberately does not provide a "rebase" command. One can rebase manually in Fossil, with sufficient perserverence, but it is not something that can be done with a single command.

• Push or pull a single branch

The fossil push, fossil pull, and fossil sync commands do not provide the capability to push or pull individual branches. Pushing and pulling in Fossil is all or nothing. This is in keeping with Fossil's emphasis on maintaining a complete record and on sharing everything between all developers.

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Asides and Digressions

1. Git does not include a wiki, a ticket tracker, a forum, or a tech-note feature, so those elements will not transfer when exporting from Fossil to Git. GitHub adds some of these to stock Git, but because they're not part of Git proper, exporting a Fossil repository to GitHub will still not include them; Fossil tickets do not become GitHub issues, for example.

2. Both Fossil and Git support patch(1) files, a common way to allow drive-by contributions, but it's a lossy contribution path for both systems. Unlike Git PRs and Fossil bundles, patch files collapse mulitple checkins together, they don't include check-in comments, and they cannot encode changes made above the individual file content layer: you lose branching decisisions, tag changes, file renames, and more when using patch files.