** spaces each opcode should be indented before it is output.
**
** The indenting rules are:
**
**     * For each "Next", "Prev", "VNext" or "VPrev" instruction, indent
**       all opcodes that occur between the p2 jump destination and the opcode
**       itself by 2 spaces.
**
**     * Do the previous for "Return" instructions for when P2 is positive.
**       See tag-20220407a in wherecode.c and vdbe.c.
**
**     * For each "Goto", if the jump destination is earlier in the program
**       and ends on one of:
**          Yield  SeekGt  SeekLt  RowSetRead  Rewind
**       or if the P1 parameter is one instead of zero,
**       then indent all opcodes between the earlier instruction
**       and "Goto" by 2 spaces.
*/
static void explain_data_prepare(ShellState *p, sqlite3_stmt *pSql){
  const char *zSql;               /* The text of the SQL statement */
  const char *z;                  /* Used to check if this is an EXPLAIN */
  int *abYield = 0;               /* True if op is an OP_Yield */
  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Allocated size of p->aiIndent[], abYield */
  int iOp;                        /* Index of operation in p->aiIndent[] */

  const char *azNext[] = { "Next", "Prev", "VPrev", "VNext", "SorterNext",
                           "Return", 0 };
  const char *azYield[] = { "Yield", "SeekLT", "SeekGT", "RowSetRead",
                            "Rewind", 0 };
  const char *azGoto[] = { "Goto", 0 };

  /* Try to figure out if this is really an EXPLAIN statement. If this
  ** cannot be verified, return early.  */
  if( sqlite3_column_count(pSql)!=8 ){

      abYield = (int*)sqlite3_realloc64(abYield, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
      shell_check_oom(abYield);
    }
    abYield[iOp] = str_in_array(zOp, azYield);
    p->aiIndent[iOp] = 0;
    p->nIndent = iOp+1;

    if( str_in_array(zOp, azNext) && p2op>0 ){
      for(i=p2op; i<iOp; i++) p->aiIndent[i] += 2;
    }
    if( str_in_array(zOp, azGoto) && p2op<p->nIndent
     && (abYield[p2op] || sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 2))
    ){
      for(i=p2op; i<iOp; i++) p->aiIndent[i] += 2;
    }

  sqlite3_free(p->aiIndent);
  p->aiIndent = 0;
  p->nIndent = 0;
  p->iIndent = 0;
}

/*
** Disable and restore .wheretrace and .treetrace/.selecttrace settings.
*/
static unsigned int savedSelectTrace;
static unsigned int savedWhereTrace;
static void disable_debug_trace_modes(void){
  unsigned int zero = 0;
  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 0, &savedSelectTrace);
  sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 1, &zero);

  int j, nTotal, w, n;
  const char *colSep = 0;
  const char *rowSep = 0;
  const unsigned char **azNextLine = 0;
  int bNextLine = 0;
  int bMultiLineRowExists = 0;
  int bw = p->cmOpts.bWordWrap;
  const char *zEmpty = "";
  const char *zShowNull = p->nullValue;

  rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
  if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ) return;
  nColumn = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
  nAlloc = nColumn*4;
  if( nAlloc<=0 ) nAlloc = 1;
  azData = sqlite3_malloc64( nAlloc*sizeof(char*) );

      int wx = p->colWidth[i];
      if( wx==0 ){
        wx = p->cmOpts.iWrap;
      }
      if( wx<0 ) wx = -wx;
      if( useNextLine ){
        uz = azNextLine[i];
        if( uz==0 ) uz = (u8*)zEmpty;
      }else if( p->cmOpts.bQuote ){
        sqlite3_free(azQuoted[i]);
        azQuoted[i] = quoted_column(pStmt,i);
        uz = (const unsigned char*)azQuoted[i];
      }else{
        uz = (const unsigned char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,i);
        if( uz==0 ) uz = (u8*)zShowNull;
      }
      azData[nRow*nColumn + i]
        = translateForDisplayAndDup(uz, &azNextLine[i], wx, bw);
      if( azNextLine[i] ){
        bNextLine = 1;
        abRowDiv[nRow-1] = 0;
        bMultiLineRowExists = 1;
      }
    }
  }while( bNextLine || sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW );
  nTotal = nColumn*(nRow+1);
  for(i=0; i<nTotal; i++){
    z = azData[i];
    if( z==0 ) z = (char*)zEmpty;
    n = strlenChar(z);
    j = i%nColumn;
    if( n>p->actualWidth[j] ) p->actualWidth[j] = n;
  }
  if( seenInterrupt ) goto columnar_end;
  if( nColumn==0 ) goto columnar_end;
  switch( p->cMode ){

    print_box_row_separator(p, nColumn, BOX_12, BOX_124, BOX_14);
  }
columnar_end:
  if( seenInterrupt ){
    utf8_printf(p->out, "Interrupt\n");
  }
  nData = (nRow+1)*nColumn;
  for(i=0; i<nData; i++){
    z = azData[i];
    if( z!=zEmpty && z!=zShowNull ) free(azData[i]);
  }
  sqlite3_free(azData);
  sqlite3_free((void*)azNextLine);
  sqlite3_free(abRowDiv);
  if( azQuoted ){
    for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++) sqlite3_free(azQuoted[i]);
    sqlite3_free(azQuoted);
  }

  }
  sqlite3_exec(pState->db, "DETACH recovery", 0, 0, 0);
  return rc;
}
#endif /* !(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB) */


/*
 * zAutoColumn(zCol, &db, ?) => Maybe init db, add column zCol to it.
 * zAutoColumn(0, &db, ?) => (db!=0) Form columns spec for CREATE TABLE,
 *   close db and set it to 0, and return the columns spec, to later
 *   be sqlite3_free()'ed by the caller.
 * The return is 0 when either:
 *   (a) The db was not initialized and zCol==0 (There are no columns.)
 *   (b) zCol!=0  (Column was added, db initialized as needed.)

 COLLATE NOCASE\
)\
";
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MATH_FUNCTIONS
  static const char * const zColDigits = "\
SELECT CAST(ceil(log(count(*)+0.5)) AS INT) FROM ColNames \
";
#else
  /* Counting on SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN < 100,000 here. (32767 is the hard limit.) */
  static const char * const zColDigits = "\
SELECT CASE WHEN (nc < 10) THEN 1 WHEN (nc < 100) THEN 2 \
 WHEN (nc < 1000) THEN 3 WHEN (nc < 10000) THEN 4 \
 ELSE 5 FROM (SELECT count(*) AS nc FROM ColNames) \
";
#endif
  static const char * const zRenameRank =
#ifdef SHELL_COLUMN_RENAME_CLEAN
    "UPDATE ColNames AS t SET suff="
    "iif(reps>1, printf('%c%0*d', '"AUTOCOLUMN_SEP"', $1, cpos), '')"
#else /* ...RENAME_MINIMAL_ONE_PASS */
"WITH Lzn(nlz) AS (" /* Find minimum extraneous leading 0's for uniqueness */

SELECT\
 '('||x'0a'\
 || group_concat(\
  cname||' TEXT',\
  ','||iif((cpos-1)%4>0, ' ', x'0a'||' '))\
 ||')' AS ColsSpec \
FROM (\
 SELECT cpos, printf('\"%w\"',printf('%!.*s%s', nlen-chop,name,suff)) AS cname \
 FROM ColNames ORDER BY cpos\
)";
  static const char * const zRenamesDone =
    "SELECT group_concat("
    " printf('\"%w\" to \"%w\"',name,printf('%!.*s%s', nlen-chop, name, suff)),"
    " ','||x'0a')"
    "FROM ColNames WHERE suff<>'' OR chop!=0"
    ;
  int rc;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
  assert(pDb!=0);
  if( zColNew ){

    return 0;
  }else if( *pDb==0 ){
    return 0;
  }else{
    /* Formulate the columns spec, close the DB, zero *pDb. */
    char *zColsSpec = 0;
    int hasDupes = db_int(*pDb, zHasDupes);

    int nDigits = (hasDupes)? db_int(*pDb, zColDigits) : 0;



    if( hasDupes ){
#ifdef SHELL_COLUMN_RENAME_CLEAN
      rc = sqlite3_exec(*pDb, zDedoctor, 0, 0, 0);
      rc_err_oom_die(rc);
#endif
      rc = sqlite3_exec(*pDb, zSetReps, 0, 0, 0);
      rc_err_oom_die(rc);

      raw_printf(stderr,"Error: querying schema information\n");
      rc = 1;
    }else{
      rc = 0;
    }
  }else

  if( (c=='s' && n==11 && strncmp(azArg[0], "selecttrace", n)==0)
   || (c=='t' && n==9  && strncmp(azArg[0], "treetrace", n)==0)
  ){
    unsigned int x = nArg>=2 ? (unsigned int)integerValue(azArg[1]) : 0xffffffff;
    sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS, 1, &x);
  }else

#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION)
  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0],"session",n)==0 && n>=3 ){
    struct AuxDb *pAuxDb = p->pAuxDb;

**
** See also: [sqlite3_libversion()],
** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
*/
#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.39.0"
#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3039000
#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2022-04-21 19:38:17 f766dff012af0ea3c28a8ce4db850cd0205729a8283bce1e442992aded7c734b"

/*
** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
** KEYWORDS: sqlite3_version sqlite3_sourceid
**
** These interfaces provide the same information as the [SQLITE_VERSION],
** [SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER], and [SQLITE_SOURCE_ID] C preprocessor macros

#define LARGEST_INT64  (0xffffffff|(((i64)0x7fffffff)<<32))
#define LARGEST_UINT64 (0xffffffff|(((u64)0xffffffff)<<32))
#define SMALLEST_INT64 (((i64)-1) - LARGEST_INT64)

/*
** Round up a number to the next larger multiple of 8.  This is used
** to force 8-byte alignment on 64-bit architectures.
**
** ROUND8() always does the rounding, for any argument.
**
** ROUND8P() assumes that the argument is already an integer number of
** pointers in size, and so it is a no-op on systems where the pointer
** size is 8.
*/
#define ROUND8(x)     (((x)+7)&~7)
#if SQLITE_PTRSIZE==8
# define ROUND8P(x)   (x)
#else
# define ROUND8P(x)   (((x)+7)&~7)
#endif

/*
** Round down to the nearest multiple of 8
*/
#define ROUNDDOWN8(x) ((x)&~7)

/*

#endif
#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
# undef SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE
# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
#endif

/*
** TREETRACE_ENABLED will be either 1 or 0 depending on whether or not
** the Abstract Syntax Tree tracing logic is turned on.
*/
#if !defined(SQLITE_AMALGAMATION)
SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3TreeTrace;
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) \
    && (defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SELECTTRACE) \
                             || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_TREETRACE))
# define TREETRACE_ENABLED 1
# define SELECTTRACE(K,P,S,X)  \
  if(sqlite3TreeTrace&(K))   \
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%u/%d/%p: ",(S)->selId,(P)->addrExplain,(S)),\
    sqlite3DebugPrintf X
#else
# define SELECTTRACE(K,P,S,X)
# define TREETRACE_ENABLED 0
#endif

/*
** Macros for "wheretrace"
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3WhereTrace;
#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) \

typedef struct IndexSample IndexSample;
typedef struct KeyClass KeyClass;
typedef struct KeyInfo KeyInfo;
typedef struct Lookaside Lookaside;
typedef struct LookasideSlot LookasideSlot;
typedef struct Module Module;
typedef struct NameContext NameContext;
typedef struct OnOrUsing OnOrUsing;
typedef struct Parse Parse;
typedef struct ParseCleanup ParseCleanup;
typedef struct PreUpdate PreUpdate;
typedef struct PrintfArguments PrintfArguments;
typedef struct RenameToken RenameToken;
typedef struct Returning Returning;
typedef struct RowSet RowSet;

#define OP_Init           64 /* jump, synopsis: Start at P2                */
#define OP_PureFunc       65 /* synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])             */
#define OP_Function       66 /* synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])             */
#define OP_Return         67
#define OP_EndCoroutine   68
#define OP_HaltIfNull     69 /* synopsis: if r[P3]=null halt               */
#define OP_Halt           70
#define OP_Integer        71 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P1                         */

#define OP_Int64          72 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P4                         */
#define OP_String         73 /* synopsis: r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)              */
#define OP_BeginSubrtn    74 /* synopsis: r[P2]=NULL                       */
#define OP_Null           75 /* synopsis: r[P2..P3]=NULL                   */
#define OP_SoftNull       76 /* synopsis: r[P1]=NULL                       */
#define OP_Blob           77 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P4 (len=P1)                */
#define OP_Variable       78 /* synopsis: r[P2]=parameter(P1,P4)           */
#define OP_Move           79 /* synopsis: r[P2@P3]=r[P1@P3]                */
#define OP_Copy           80 /* synopsis: r[P2@P3+1]=r[P1@P3+1]            */
#define OP_SCopy          81 /* synopsis: r[P2]=r[P1]                      */
#define OP_IntCopy        82 /* synopsis: r[P2]=r[P1]                      */
#define OP_FkCheck        83
#define OP_ResultRow      84 /* synopsis: output=r[P1@P2]                  */
#define OP_CollSeq        85
#define OP_AddImm         86 /* synopsis: r[P1]=r[P1]+P2                   */
#define OP_RealAffinity   87
#define OP_Cast           88 /* synopsis: affinity(r[P1])                  */
#define OP_Permutation    89
#define OP_Compare        90 /* synopsis: r[P1@P3] <-> r[P2@P3]            */
#define OP_IsTrue         91 /* synopsis: r[P2] = coalesce(r[P1]==TRUE,P3) ^ P4 */
#define OP_ZeroOrNull     92 /* synopsis: r[P2] = 0 OR NULL                */
#define OP_Offset         93 /* synopsis: r[P3] = sqlite_offset(P1)        */
#define OP_Column         94 /* synopsis: r[P3]=PX cursor P1 column P2     */
#define OP_TypeCheck      95 /* synopsis: typecheck(r[P1@P2])              */
#define OP_Affinity       96 /* synopsis: affinity(r[P1@P2])               */
#define OP_MakeRecord     97 /* synopsis: r[P3]=mkrec(r[P1@P2])            */
#define OP_Count          98 /* synopsis: r[P2]=count()                    */
#define OP_ReadCookie     99
#define OP_SetCookie     100
#define OP_ReopenIdx     101 /* synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3                   */

#define OP_Insert        128 /* synopsis: intkey=r[P3] data=r[P2]          */
#define OP_RowCell       129
#define OP_Delete        130
#define OP_ResetCount    131
#define OP_SorterCompare 132 /* synopsis: if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2 */
#define OP_SorterData    133 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
#define OP_RowData       134 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
#define OP_Rowid         135 /* synopsis: r[P2]=PX rowid of P1             */
#define OP_NullRow       136
#define OP_SeekEnd       137
#define OP_IdxInsert     138 /* synopsis: key=r[P2]                        */
#define OP_SorterInsert  139 /* synopsis: key=r[P2]                        */
#define OP_IdxDelete     140 /* synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]                     */
#define OP_DeferredSeek  141 /* synopsis: Move P3 to P1.rowid if needed    */
#define OP_IdxRowid      142 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */

/*   8 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x03, 0x03, 0x01, 0x01, 0x03,\
/*  16 */ 0x03, 0x03, 0x01, 0x12, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09,\
/*  24 */ 0x01, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x01,\
/*  32 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,\
/*  40 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x26, 0x26, 0x23, 0x0b, 0x01,\
/*  48 */ 0x01, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x0b, 0x0b, 0x0b, 0x0b,\
/*  56 */ 0x0b, 0x0b, 0x01, 0x03, 0x03, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,\
/*  64 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x08, 0x00, 0x10,\
/*  72 */ 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00,\
/*  80 */ 0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02,\
/*  88 */ 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x1e, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00,\
/*  96 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x26, 0x26,\
/* 104 */ 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26, 0x26,\
/* 112 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00,\
/* 120 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x10,\
/* 128 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10,\

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(Parse*, Index*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Parse*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(Vdbe*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeReusable(Vdbe*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDelete(Vdbe*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(Vdbe*,Parse*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFinalize(Vdbe*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(Vdbe*);
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(Vdbe *, int);
#endif

#define SQLITE_MinMaxOpt      0x00010000 /* The min/max optimization */
#define SQLITE_SeekScan       0x00020000 /* The OP_SeekScan optimization */
#define SQLITE_OmitOrderBy    0x00040000 /* Omit pointless ORDER BY */
   /* TH3 expects this value  ^^^^^^^^^^ to be 0x40000. Coordinate any change */
#define SQLITE_BloomFilter    0x00080000 /* Use a Bloom filter on searches */
#define SQLITE_BloomPulldown  0x00100000 /* Run Bloom filters early */
#define SQLITE_BalancedMerge  0x00200000 /* Balance multi-way merges */
#define SQLITE_ReleaseReg     0x00400000 /* Use OP_ReleaseReg for testing */
#define SQLITE_AllOpts        0xffffffff /* All optimizations */

/*
** Macros for testing whether or not optimizations are enabled or disabled.
*/
#define OptimizationDisabled(db, mask)  (((db)->dbOptFlags&(mask))!=0)
#define OptimizationEnabled(db, mask)   (((db)->dbOptFlags&(mask))==0)

                         ** TK_SELECT_COLUMN: Number of columns on the LHS
                         ** TK_SELECT: 1st register of result vector */
  ynVar iColumn;         /* TK_COLUMN: column index.  -1 for rowid.
                         ** TK_VARIABLE: variable number (always >= 1).
                         ** TK_SELECT_COLUMN: column of the result vector */
  i16 iAgg;              /* Which entry in pAggInfo->aCol[] or ->aFunc[] */
  union {
    int iJoin;             /* If EP_FromJoin, the right table of the join */
    int iOfst;             /* else: start of token from start of statement */
  } w;
  AggInfo *pAggInfo;     /* Used by TK_AGG_COLUMN and TK_AGG_FUNCTION */
  union {
    Table *pTab;           /* TK_COLUMN: Table containing column. Can be NULL
                           ** for a column of an index on an expression */
    Window *pWin;          /* EP_WinFunc: Window/Filter defn for a function */

#define EP_Win        0x008000 /* Contains window functions */
#define EP_MemToken   0x010000 /* Need to sqlite3DbFree() Expr.zToken */
#define EP_IfNullRow  0x020000 /* The TK_IF_NULL_ROW opcode */
#define EP_Unlikely   0x040000 /* unlikely() or likelihood() function */
#define EP_ConstFunc  0x080000 /* A SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT or _SLOCHNG function */
#define EP_CanBeNull  0x100000 /* Can be null despite NOT NULL constraint */
#define EP_Subquery   0x200000 /* Tree contains a TK_SELECT operator */
#define EP_InnerJoin  0x400000 /* Originates in ON/USING of an inner join */
#define EP_Leaf       0x800000 /* Expr.pLeft, .pRight, .u.pSelect all NULL */
#define EP_WinFunc   0x1000000 /* TK_FUNCTION with Expr.y.pWin set */
#define EP_Subrtn    0x2000000 /* Uses Expr.y.sub. TK_IN, _SELECT, or _EXISTS */
#define EP_Quoted    0x4000000 /* TK_ID was originally quoted */
#define EP_Static    0x8000000 /* Held in memory not obtained from malloc() */
#define EP_IsTrue   0x10000000 /* Always has boolean value of TRUE */
#define EP_IsFalse  0x20000000 /* Always has boolean value of FALSE */

    char *zEName;           /* Token associated with this expression */
    u8 sortFlags;           /* Mask of KEYINFO_ORDER_* flags */
    unsigned eEName :2;     /* Meaning of zEName */
    unsigned done :1;       /* A flag to indicate when processing is finished */
    unsigned reusable :1;   /* Constant expression is reusable */
    unsigned bSorterRef :1; /* Defer evaluation until after sorting */
    unsigned bNulls: 1;     /* True if explicit "NULLS FIRST/LAST" */
    unsigned bUsed: 1;      /* This column used in a SF_NestedFrom subquery */
    union {
      struct {             /* Used by any ExprList other than Parse.pConsExpr */
        u16 iOrderByCol;      /* For ORDER BY, column number in result set */
        u16 iAlias;           /* Index into Parse.aAlias[] for zName */
      } x;
      int iConstExprReg;   /* Register in which Expr value is cached. Used only
                           ** by Parse.pConstExpr */

** column names after a table name in an INSERT statement.  In the statement
**
**     INSERT INTO t(a,b,c) ...
**
** If "a" is the k-th column of table "t", then IdList.a[0].idx==k.
*/
struct IdList {
  int nId;         /* Number of identifiers on the list */
  u8 eU4;          /* Which element of a.u4 is valid */
  struct IdList_item {
    char *zName;      /* Name of the identifier */
    union {
      int idx;          /* Index in some Table.aCol[] of a column named zName */
      Expr *pExpr;      /* Expr to implement a USING variable -- NOT USED */
    } u4;

  } a[1];
};

/*
** Allowed values for IdList.eType, which determines which value of the a.u4
** is valid.
*/
#define EU4_NONE   0   /* Does not use IdList.a.u4 */
#define EU4_IDX    1   /* Uses IdList.a.u4.idx */
#define EU4_EXPR   2   /* Uses IdList.a.u4.pExpr -- NOT CURRENTLY USED */

/*
** The SrcItem object represents a single term in the FROM clause of a query.
** The SrcList object is mostly an array of SrcItems.
**
** Union member validity:
**
**    u1.zIndexedBy          fg.isIndexedBy && !fg.isTabFunc

    unsigned isTabFunc :1;     /* True if table-valued-function syntax */
    unsigned isCorrelated :1;  /* True if sub-query is correlated */
    unsigned viaCoroutine :1;  /* Implemented as a co-routine */
    unsigned isRecursive :1;   /* True for recursive reference in WITH */
    unsigned fromDDL :1;       /* Comes from sqlite_schema */
    unsigned isCte :1;         /* This is a CTE */
    unsigned notCte :1;        /* This item may not match a CTE */
    unsigned isUsing :1;       /* u3.pUsing is valid */
    unsigned isSynthUsing :1;  /* u3.pUsing is synthensized from NATURAL */
    unsigned isNestedFrom :1;  /* pSelect is a SF_NestedFrom subquery */
  } fg;
  int iCursor;      /* The VDBE cursor number used to access this table */
  union {
    Expr *pOn;        /* fg.isUsing==0 =>  The ON clause of a join */
    IdList *pUsing;   /* fg.isUsing==1 =>  The USING clause of a join */
  } u3;
  Bitmask colUsed;  /* Bit N (1<<N) set if column N of pTab is used */
  union {
    char *zIndexedBy;    /* Identifier from "INDEXED BY <zIndex>" clause */
    ExprList *pFuncArg;  /* Arguments to table-valued-function */
  } u1;
  union {
    Index *pIBIndex;  /* Index structure corresponding to u1.zIndexedBy */
    CteUse *pCteUse;  /* CTE Usage info info fg.isCte is true */
  } u2;
};

/*
** The OnOrUsing object represents either an ON clause or a USING clause.
** It can never be both at the same time, but it can be neither.
*/
struct OnOrUsing {
  Expr *pOn;         /* The ON clause of a join */
  IdList *pUsing;    /* The USING clause of a join */
};

/*
** The following structure describes the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.
** Each table or subquery in the FROM clause is a separate element of
** the SrcList.a[] array.
**
** With the addition of multiple database support, the following structure

  u32 nAlloc;      /* Number of entries allocated in a[] below */
  SrcItem a[1];    /* One entry for each identifier on the list */
};

/*
** Permitted values of the SrcList.a.jointype field
*/
#define JT_INNER     0x01    /* Any kind of inner or cross join */
#define JT_CROSS     0x02    /* Explicit use of the CROSS keyword */
#define JT_NATURAL   0x04    /* True for a "natural" join */
#define JT_LEFT      0x08    /* Left outer join */
#define JT_RIGHT     0x10    /* Right outer join */
#define JT_OUTER     0x20    /* The "OUTER" keyword is present */
#define JT_LTORJ     0x40    /* One of the LEFT operands of a RIGHT JOIN
                             ** Mnemonic: Left Table Of Right Join */
#define JT_ERROR     0x80    /* unknown or unsupported join type */


/*
** Flags appropriate for the wctrlFlags parameter of sqlite3WhereBegin()
** and the WhereInfo.wctrlFlags member.
**
** Value constraints (enforced via assert()):
**     WHERE_USE_LIMIT  == SF_FixedLimit

                                      ** the OR optimization  */
#define WHERE_GROUPBY          0x0040 /* pOrderBy is really a GROUP BY */
#define WHERE_DISTINCTBY       0x0080 /* pOrderby is really a DISTINCT clause */
#define WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT    0x0100 /* All output needs to be distinct */
#define WHERE_SORTBYGROUP      0x0200 /* Support sqlite3WhereIsSorted() */
#define WHERE_AGG_DISTINCT     0x0400 /* Query is "SELECT agg(DISTINCT ...)" */
#define WHERE_ORDERBY_LIMIT    0x0800 /* ORDERBY+LIMIT on the inner loop */
#define WHERE_RIGHT_JOIN       0x1000 /* Processing a RIGHT JOIN */
                        /*     0x2000    not currently used */
#define WHERE_USE_LIMIT        0x4000 /* Use the LIMIT in cost estimates */
                        /*     0x8000    not currently used */

/* Allowed return values from sqlite3WhereIsDistinct()
*/
#define WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP      0  /* DISTINCT keyword not used */

#define SF_NoopOrderBy   0x0400000 /* ORDER BY is ignored for this query */
#define SF_UFSrcCheck    0x0800000 /* Check pSrc as required by UPDATE...FROM */
#define SF_PushDown      0x1000000 /* SELECT has be modified by push-down opt */
#define SF_MultiPart     0x2000000 /* Has multiple incompatible PARTITIONs */
#define SF_CopyCte       0x4000000 /* SELECT statement is a copy of a CTE */
#define SF_OrderByReqd   0x8000000 /* The ORDER BY clause may not be omitted */

/* True if S exists and has SF_NestedFrom */
#define IsNestedFrom(S) ((S)!=0 && ((S)->selFlags&SF_NestedFrom)!=0)

/*
** The results of a SELECT can be distributed in several ways, as defined
** by one of the following macros.  The "SRT" prefix means "SELECT Result
** Type".
**
**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary index
**                     identified by pDest->iSDParm.

  u8 nTempReg;         /* Number of temporary registers in aTempReg[] */
  u8 isMultiWrite;     /* True if statement may modify/insert multiple rows */
  u8 mayAbort;         /* True if statement may throw an ABORT exception */
  u8 hasCompound;      /* Need to invoke convertCompoundSelectToSubquery() */
  u8 okConstFactor;    /* OK to factor out constants */
  u8 disableLookaside; /* Number of times lookaside has been disabled */
  u8 disableVtab;      /* Disable all virtual tables for this parse */
  u8 withinRJSubrtn;   /* Nesting level for RIGHT JOIN body subroutines */
#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
  u8 earlyCleanup;     /* OOM inside sqlite3ParserAddCleanup() */
#endif
  int nRangeReg;       /* Size of the temporary register block */
  int iRangeReg;       /* First register in temporary register block */
  int nErr;            /* Number of errors seen */
  int nTab;            /* Number of previously allocated VDBE cursors */

#define OPFLAG_PERMUTE       0x01    /* OP_Compare: use the permutation */
#define OPFLAG_SAVEPOSITION  0x02    /* OP_Delete/Insert: save cursor pos */
#define OPFLAG_AUXDELETE     0x04    /* OP_Delete: index in a DELETE op */
#define OPFLAG_NOCHNG_MAGIC  0x6d    /* OP_MakeRecord: serialtype 10 is ok */
#define OPFLAG_PREFORMAT     0x80    /* OP_Insert uses preformatted cell */

/*
** Each trigger present in the database schema is stored as an instance of
** struct Trigger.
**
** Pointers to instances of struct Trigger are stored in two ways.
** 1. In the "trigHash" hash table (part of the sqlite3* that represents the
**    database). This allows Trigger structures to be retrieved by name.
** 2. All triggers associated with a single table form a linked list, using the
**    pNext member of struct Trigger. A pointer to the first element of the
**    linked list is stored as the "pTrigger" member of the associated
**    struct Table.
**
** The "step_list" member points to the first element of a linked list
** containing the SQL statements specified as the trigger program.
*/
struct Trigger {
  char *zName;            /* The name of the trigger                        */
  char *table;            /* The table or view to which the trigger applies */
  u8 op;                  /* One of TK_DELETE, TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT         */
  u8 tr_tm;               /* One of TRIGGER_BEFORE, TRIGGER_AFTER */
  u8 bReturning;          /* This trigger implements a RETURNING clause */
  Expr *pWhen;            /* The WHEN clause of the expression (may be NULL) */

** If there are multiple triggers, you might of some BEFORE and some AFTER.
** In that cases, the constants below can be ORed together.
*/
#define TRIGGER_BEFORE  1
#define TRIGGER_AFTER   2

/*
** An instance of struct TriggerStep is used to store a single SQL statement
** that is a part of a trigger-program.
**
** Instances of struct TriggerStep are stored in a singly linked list (linked
** using the "pNext" member) referenced by the "step_list" member of the
** associated struct Trigger instance. The first element of the linked list is
** the first step of the trigger-program.
**
** The "op" member indicates whether this is a "DELETE", "INSERT", "UPDATE" or
** "SELECT" statement. The meanings of the other members is determined by the
** value of "op" as follows:
**
** (op == TK_INSERT)
** orconf    -> stores the ON CONFLICT algorithm
** pSelect   -> The content to be inserted - either a SELECT statement or
**              a VALUES clause.
** zTarget   -> Dequoted name of the table to insert into.


** pIdList   -> If this is an INSERT INTO ... (<column-names>) VALUES ...
**              statement, then this stores the column-names to be
**              inserted into.


** pUpsert   -> The ON CONFLICT clauses for an Upsert











**
** (op == TK_DELETE)
** zTarget   -> Dequoted name of the table to delete from.
** pWhere    -> The WHERE clause of the DELETE statement if one is specified.
**              Otherwise NULL.
**
** (op == TK_UPDATE)
** zTarget   -> Dequoted name of the table to update.
** pWhere    -> The WHERE clause of the UPDATE statement if one is specified.
**              Otherwise NULL.
** pExprList -> A list of the columns to update and the expressions to update
**              them to. See sqlite3Update() documentation of "pChanges"
**              argument.
**
** (op == TK_SELECT)
** pSelect   -> The SELECT statement
**
** (op == TK_RETURNING)
** pExprList -> The list of expressions that follow the RETURNING keyword.
**
*/
struct TriggerStep {
  u8 op;               /* One of TK_DELETE, TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT, TK_SELECT,
                       ** or TK_RETURNING */
  u8 orconf;           /* OE_Rollback etc. */
  Trigger *pTrig;      /* The trigger that this step is a part of */
  Select *pSelect;     /* SELECT statement or RHS of INSERT INTO SELECT ... */
  char *zTarget;       /* Target table for DELETE, UPDATE, INSERT */

SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DebugPrintf(const char*, ...);
#endif
#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void *sqlite3TestTextToPtr(const char*);
#endif

#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewLine(TreeView*, const char *zFormat, ...);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewExpr(TreeView*, const Expr*, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewBareExprList(TreeView*, const ExprList*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewExprList(TreeView*, const ExprList*, u8, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewBareIdList(TreeView*, const IdList*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewIdList(TreeView*, const IdList*, u8, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewSrcList(TreeView*, const SrcList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewSelect(TreeView*, const Select*, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewWith(TreeView*, const With*, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewUpsert(TreeView*, const Upsert*, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewDelete(const With*, const SrcList*, const Expr*,
                             const ExprList*,const Expr*, const Trigger*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewInsert(const With*, const SrcList*,
                             const IdList*, const Select*, const ExprList*,
                             int, const Upsert*, const Trigger*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewUpdate(const With*, const SrcList*, const ExprList*,
                             const Expr*, int, const ExprList*, const Expr*,
                             const Upsert*, const Trigger*);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewTriggerStep(TreeView*, const TriggerStep*, u8, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewTrigger(TreeView*, const Trigger*, u8, u8);
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewWindow(TreeView*, const Window*, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3TreeViewWinFunc(TreeView*, const Window*, u8);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowExpr(const Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowExprList(const ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowIdList(const IdList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowSrcList(const SrcList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowSelect(const Select*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowWith(const With*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowUpsert(const Upsert*);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowTriggerStep(const TriggerStep*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowTriggerStepList(const TriggerStep*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowTrigger(const Trigger*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowTriggerList(const Trigger*);
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowWindow(const Window*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3ShowWinFunc(const Window*);
#endif
#endif

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SetString(char **, sqlite3*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ErrorMsg(Parse*, const char*, ...);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ErrorToParser(sqlite3*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Dequote(char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DequoteExpr(Expr*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DequoteToken(Token*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ArrayAllocate(sqlite3*,void*,int,int*,int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListAppend(Parse*, IdList*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IdListIndex(IdList*,const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListEnlarge(Parse*, SrcList*, int, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListAppendList(Parse *pParse, SrcList *p1, SrcList *p2);
SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListAppend(Parse*, SrcList*, Token*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(Parse*, SrcList*, Token*, Token*,
                                      Token*, Select*, OnOrUsing*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(Parse *, SrcList *, Token *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListFuncArgs(Parse*, SrcList*, ExprList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexedByLookup(Parse *, SrcItem *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(Parse*,SrcList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(Parse*, SrcList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3IdListDelete(sqlite3*, IdList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ClearOnOrUsing(sqlite3*, OnOrUsing*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListDelete(sqlite3*, SrcList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(sqlite3*,i16,int,char**);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateIndex(Parse*,Token*,Token*,SrcList*,ExprList*,int,Token*,
                          Expr*, int, int, u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropIndex(Parse*, SrcList*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(Parse*, Select*, SelectDest*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectNew(Parse*,ExprList*,SrcList*,Expr*,ExprList*,

# define sqlite3IsToplevel(p) 1
# define sqlite3TriggerColmask(A,B,C,D,E,F,G) 0
# define sqlite3TriggerStepSrc(A,B) 0
#endif

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JoinType(Parse*, Token*, Token*, Token*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ColumnIndex(Table *pTab, const char *zCol);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcItemColumnUsed(SrcItem*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SetJoinExpr(Expr*,int,u32);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateForeignKey(Parse*, ExprList*, Token*, ExprList*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeferForeignKey(Parse*, int);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AuthRead(Parse*,Expr*,Schema*,SrcList*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3AuthCheck(Parse*,int, const char*, const char*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AuthContextPush(Parse*, AuthContext*, const char*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3AuthContextPop(AuthContext*);

SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallConnect(Parse*, Table*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabCallDestroy(sqlite3*, int, const char *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabBegin(sqlite3 *, VTable *);

SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(sqlite3 *,FuncDef*, int nArg, Expr*);
#if (defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_DBPAGE_VTAB) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)) \
    && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VtabUsesAllSchemas(sqlite3_index_info*);
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(sqlite3_context*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(Vdbe*, const char*, int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TransferBindings(sqlite3_stmt *, sqlite3_stmt *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParseObjectInit(Parse*,sqlite3*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParseObjectReset(Parse*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ParserAddCleanup(Parse*,void(*)(sqlite3*,void*),void*);

#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RBU
  "ENABLE_RBU",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
  "ENABLE_RTREE",
#endif



#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SESSION
  "ENABLE_SESSION",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SNAPSHOT
  "ENABLE_SNAPSHOT",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SORTER_REFERENCES
  "ENABLE_SORTER_REFERENCES",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
  "ENABLE_SQLLOG",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
  "ENABLE_STAT4",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STMTVTAB
  "ENABLE_STMTVTAB",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STMT_SCANSTATUS
  "ENABLE_STMT_SCANSTATUS",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_TREETRACE
  "ENABLE_TREETRACE",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION
  "ENABLE_UNKNOWN_SQL_FUNCTION",
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
  "ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY",
#endif

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PendingByte = 0x40000000;
#endif

/*
** Tracing flags set by SQLITE_TESTCTRL_TRACEFLAGS.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3TreeTrace = 0;
SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3WhereTrace = 0;

/* #include "opcodes.h" */
/*
** Properties of opcodes.  The OPFLG_INITIALIZER macro is
** created by mkopcodeh.awk during compilation.  Data is obtained
** from the comments following the "case OP_xxxx:" statements in

  /* 2*nField extra array elements allocated for aType[], beyond the one
  ** static element declared in the structure.  nField total array slots for
  ** aType[] and nField+1 array slots for aOffset[] */
  u32 aType[1];           /* Type values record decode.  MUST BE LAST */
};

/* Return true if P is a null-only cursor
*/
#define IsNullCursor(P) \
  ((P)->eCurType==CURTYPE_PSEUDO && (P)->nullRow && (P)->seekResult==0)


/*
** A value for VdbeCursor.cacheStatus that means the cache is always invalid.
*/
#define CACHE_STALE 0

/*

  int rcApp;              /* errcode set by sqlite3_result_error_code() */
  u32 nWrite;             /* Number of write operations that have occurred */
#endif
  u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
  u8 errorAction;         /* Recovery action to do in case of an error */
  u8 minWriteFileFormat;  /* Minimum file format for writable database files */
  u8 prepFlags;           /* SQLITE_PREPARE_* flags */

  u8 eVdbeState;          /* On of the VDBE_*_STATE values */
  bft expired:2;          /* 1: recompile VM immediately  2: when convenient */
  bft explain:2;          /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */
  bft changeCntOn:1;      /* True to update the change-counter */

  bft usesStmtJournal:1;  /* True if uses a statement journal */
  bft readOnly:1;         /* True for statements that do not write */
  bft bIsReader:1;        /* True for statements that read */
  yDbMask btreeMask;      /* Bitmask of db->aDb[] entries referenced */
  yDbMask lockMask;       /* Subset of btreeMask that requires a lock */
  u32 aCounter[9];        /* Counters used by sqlite3_stmt_status() */
  char *zSql;             /* Text of the SQL statement that generated this */

*/
typedef struct ValueList ValueList;
struct ValueList {
  BtCursor *pCsr;          /* An ephemeral table holding all values */
  sqlite3_value *pOut;     /* Register to hold each decoded output value */
};

/* Size of content associated with serial types that fit into a
** single-byte varint.
*/
#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
SQLITE_PRIVATE const u8 sqlite3SmallTypeSizes[];
#endif

/*
** Function prototypes
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeError(Vdbe*, const char *, ...);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(Vdbe *, VdbeCursor*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFreeCursorNN(Vdbe*,VdbeCursor*);
void sqliteVdbePopStack(Vdbe*,int);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int SQLITE_NOINLINE sqlite3VdbeHandleMovedCursor(VdbeCursor *p);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int SQLITE_NOINLINE sqlite3VdbeFinishMoveto(VdbeCursor*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCursorRestore(VdbeCursor*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u32);
SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3VdbeOneByteSerialTypeLen(u8);
#ifdef SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT
SQLITE_PRIVATE   u64 sqlite3FloatSwap(u64 in);
# define swapMixedEndianFloat(X)  X = sqlite3FloatSwap(X)
#else
# define swapMixedEndianFloat(X)
#endif
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(const unsigned char*, u32, Mem*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(sqlite3*, AuxData**, int, int);

int sqlite2BtreeKeyCompare(BtCursor *, const void *, int, int, int *);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(sqlite3*,VdbeCursor*,UnpackedRecord*,int*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(sqlite3*, BtCursor*, i64*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(Vdbe*);

    */
    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_STMT_USED: {
      struct Vdbe *pVdbe;         /* Used to iterate through VMs */
      int nByte = 0;              /* Used to accumulate return value */

      db->pnBytesFreed = &nByte;
      for(pVdbe=db->pVdbe; pVdbe; pVdbe=pVdbe->pNext){
        sqlite3VdbeDelete(pVdbe);

      }
      db->pnBytesFreed = 0;

      *pHighwater = 0;  /* IMP: R-64479-57858 */
      *pCurrent = nByte;

      break;

  return sqlite3DbStrNDup(db, zStart, n);
}

/*
** Free any prior content in *pz and replace it with a copy of zNew.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SetString(char **pz, sqlite3 *db, const char *zNew){
  char *z = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zNew);
  sqlite3DbFree(db, *pz);
  *pz = z;
}

/*
** Call this routine to record the fact that an OOM (out-of-memory) error
** has happened.  This routine will set db->mallocFailed, and also
** temporarily disable the lookaside memory allocator and interrupt
** any running VDBEs.

/* #include "sqliteInt.h" */
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG

/*
** Add a new subitem to the tree.  The moreToFollow flag indicates that this
** is not the last item in the tree.
*/
static void sqlite3TreeViewPush(TreeView **pp, u8 moreToFollow){
  TreeView *p = *pp;
  if( p==0 ){
    *pp = p = sqlite3_malloc64( sizeof(*p) );
    if( p==0 ) return;
    memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
  }else{
    p->iLevel++;
  }
  assert( moreToFollow==0 || moreToFollow==1 );
  if( p->iLevel<(int)sizeof(p->bLine) ) p->bLine[p->iLevel] = moreToFollow;

}

/*
** Finished with one layer of the tree
*/
static void sqlite3TreeViewPop(TreeView **pp){
  TreeView *p = *pp;
  if( p==0 ) return;
  p->iLevel--;
  if( p->iLevel<0 ){
    sqlite3_free(p);
    *pp = 0;
  }
}

/*
** Generate a single line of output for the tree, with a prefix that contains
** all the appropriate tree lines
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewLine(TreeView *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
  va_list ap;
  int i;
  StrAccum acc;
  char zBuf[500];
  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, 0, zBuf, sizeof(zBuf), 0);
  if( p ){
    for(i=0; i<p->iLevel && i<(int)sizeof(p->bLine)-1; i++){

  fflush(stdout);
}

/*
** Shorthand for starting a new tree item that consists of a single label
*/
static void sqlite3TreeViewItem(TreeView *p, const char *zLabel,u8 moreFollows){
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&p, moreFollows);
  sqlite3TreeViewLine(p, "%s", zLabel);
}

/*
** Generate a human-readable description of a WITH clause.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewWith(TreeView *pView, const With *pWith, u8 moreToFollow){
  int i;
  if( pWith==0 ) return;
  if( pWith->nCte==0 ) return;
  if( pWith->pOuter ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "WITH (0x%p, pOuter=0x%p)",pWith,pWith->pOuter);
  }else{
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "WITH (0x%p)", pWith);
  }
  if( pWith->nCte>0 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, moreToFollow);
    for(i=0; i<pWith->nCte; i++){
      StrAccum x;
      char zLine[1000];
      const struct Cte *pCte = &pWith->a[i];
      sqlite3StrAccumInit(&x, 0, zLine, sizeof(zLine), 0);
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "%s", pCte->zName);
      if( pCte->pCols && pCte->pCols->nExpr>0 ){

      if( pCte->pUse ){
        sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " (pUse=0x%p, nUse=%d)", pCte->pUse,
                 pCte->pUse->nUse);
      }
      sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&x);
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, zLine, i<pWith->nCte-1);
      sqlite3TreeViewSelect(pView, pCte->pSelect, 0);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
}

/*
** Generate a human-readable description of a SrcList object.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewSrcList(TreeView *pView, const SrcList *pSrc){
  int i;
  if( pSrc==0 ) return;
  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc; i++){
    const SrcItem *pItem = &pSrc->a[i];
    StrAccum x;
    char zLine[100];
    sqlite3StrAccumInit(&x, 0, zLine, sizeof(zLine), 0);
    x.printfFlags |= SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL;
    sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, "{%d:*} %!S", pItem->iCursor, pItem);
    if( pItem->pTab ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " tab=%Q nCol=%d ptr=%p used=%llx",
           pItem->pTab->zName, pItem->pTab->nCol, pItem->pTab, pItem->colUsed);
    }
    if( (pItem->fg.jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT))==(JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " FULL-OUTER-JOIN");
    }else if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " LEFT-JOIN");
    }else if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_RIGHT ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " RIGHT-JOIN");
    }else if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_CROSS ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " CROSS-JOIN");
    }
    if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_LTORJ ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " LTORJ");
    }
    if( pItem->fg.fromDDL ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " DDL");
    }
    if( pItem->fg.isCte ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " CteUse=0x%p", pItem->u2.pCteUse);
    }
    sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&x);
    sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, zLine, i<pSrc->nSrc-1);
    if( pItem->pSelect ){
      assert( pItem->fg.isNestedFrom == IsNestedFrom(pItem->pSelect) );
      sqlite3TreeViewSelect(pView, pItem->pSelect, 0);
    }
    if( pItem->fg.isTabFunc ){
      sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pItem->u1.pFuncArg, 0, "func-args:");
    }
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
}

/*
** Generate a human-readable description of a Select object.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewSelect(TreeView *pView, const Select *p, u8 moreToFollow){
  int n = 0;
  int cnt = 0;
  if( p==0 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "nil-SELECT");
    return;
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, moreToFollow);
  if( p->pWith ){
    sqlite3TreeViewWith(pView, p->pWith, 1);
    cnt = 1;
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, 1);
  }
  do{
    if( p->selFlags & SF_WhereBegin ){
      sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "sqlite3WhereBegin()");
    }else{
      sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView,
        "SELECT%s%s (%u/%p) selFlags=0x%x nSelectRow=%d",
        ((p->selFlags & SF_Distinct) ? " DISTINCT" : ""),
        ((p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate) ? " agg_flag" : ""),
        p->selId, p, p->selFlags,
        (int)p->nSelectRow
      );
    }
    if( cnt++ ) sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    if( p->pPrior ){
      n = 1000;
    }else{
      n = 0;
      if( p->pSrc && p->pSrc->nSrc ) n++;
      if( p->pWhere ) n++;
      if( p->pGroupBy ) n++;

    if( p->pEList ){
      sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, p->pEList, n>0, "result-set");
    }
    n--;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
    if( p->pWin ){
      Window *pX;
      sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (n--)>0);
      sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "window-functions");
      for(pX=p->pWin; pX; pX=pX->pNextWin){
        sqlite3TreeViewWinFunc(pView, pX, pX->pNextWin!=0);
      }
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
#endif
    if( p->pSrc && p->pSrc->nSrc ){
      sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (n--)>0);
      sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "FROM");
      sqlite3TreeViewSrcList(pView, p->pSrc);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
    if( p->pWhere ){
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "WHERE", (n--)>0);
      sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, p->pWhere, 0);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
    if( p->pGroupBy ){
      sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, p->pGroupBy, (n--)>0, "GROUPBY");
    }
    if( p->pHaving ){
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "HAVING", (n--)>0);
      sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, p->pHaving, 0);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
    if( p->pWinDefn ){
      Window *pX;
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "WINDOW", (n--)>0);
      for(pX=p->pWinDefn; pX; pX=pX->pNextWin){
        sqlite3TreeViewWindow(pView, pX, pX->pNextWin!=0);
      }
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
#endif
    if( p->pOrderBy ){
      sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, p->pOrderBy, (n--)>0, "ORDERBY");
    }
    if( p->pLimit ){
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "LIMIT", (n--)>0);
      sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, p->pLimit->pLeft, p->pLimit->pRight!=0);
      if( p->pLimit->pRight ){
        sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "OFFSET", (n--)>0);
        sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, p->pLimit->pRight, 0);
        sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
      }
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
    if( p->pPrior ){
      const char *zOp = "UNION";
      switch( p->op ){
        case TK_ALL:         zOp = "UNION ALL";  break;
        case TK_INTERSECT:   zOp = "INTERSECT";  break;
        case TK_EXCEPT:      zOp = "EXCEPT";     break;
      }
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, zOp, 1);
    }
    p = p->pPrior;
  }while( p!=0 );
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
/*
** Generate a description of starting or stopping bounds
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewBound(
  TreeView *pView,        /* View context */
  u8 eBound,              /* UNBOUNDED, CURRENT, PRECEDING, FOLLOWING */
  Expr *pExpr,            /* Value for PRECEDING or FOLLOWING */
  u8 moreToFollow         /* True if more to follow */
){
  switch( eBound ){
    case TK_UNBOUNDED: {
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "UNBOUNDED", moreToFollow);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
      break;
    }
    case TK_CURRENT: {
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "CURRENT", moreToFollow);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
      break;
    }
    case TK_PRECEDING: {
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "PRECEDING", moreToFollow);
      sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pExpr, 0);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
      break;
    }
    case TK_FOLLOWING: {
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "FOLLOWING", moreToFollow);
      sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pExpr, 0);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
      break;
    }
  }
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
/*
** Generate a human-readable explanation for a Window object
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewWindow(TreeView *pView, const Window *pWin, u8 more){
  int nElement = 0;
  if( pWin->pFilter ){
    sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "FILTER", 1);
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pWin->pFilter, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, more);
  if( pWin->zName ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "OVER %s (%p)", pWin->zName, pWin);
  }else{
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "OVER (%p)", pWin);
  }
  if( pWin->zBase )    nElement++;
  if( pWin->pOrderBy ) nElement++;
  if( pWin->eFrmType ) nElement++;
  if( pWin->eExclude ) nElement++;
  if( pWin->zBase ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--nElement)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "window: %s", pWin->zBase);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pWin->pPartition ){
    sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pWin->pPartition, nElement>0,"PARTITION-BY");
  }
  if( pWin->pOrderBy ){
    sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pWin->pOrderBy, (--nElement)>0, "ORDER-BY");
  }
  if( pWin->eFrmType ){
    char zBuf[30];
    const char *zFrmType = "ROWS";
    if( pWin->eFrmType==TK_RANGE ) zFrmType = "RANGE";
    if( pWin->eFrmType==TK_GROUPS ) zFrmType = "GROUPS";
    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf),zBuf,"%s%s",zFrmType,
        pWin->bImplicitFrame ? " (implied)" : "");
    sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, zBuf, (--nElement)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewBound(pView, pWin->eStart, pWin->pStart, 1);
    sqlite3TreeViewBound(pView, pWin->eEnd, pWin->pEnd, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pWin->eExclude ){
    char zBuf[30];
    const char *zExclude;
    switch( pWin->eExclude ){
      case TK_NO:      zExclude = "NO OTHERS";   break;
      case TK_CURRENT: zExclude = "CURRENT ROW"; break;
      case TK_GROUP:   zExclude = "GROUP";       break;
      case TK_TIES:    zExclude = "TIES";        break;
      default:
        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf),zBuf,"invalid(%d)", pWin->eExclude);
        zExclude = zBuf;
        break;
    }
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "EXCLUDE %s", zExclude);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
/*
** Generate a human-readable explanation for a Window Function object
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewWinFunc(TreeView *pView, const Window *pWin, u8 more){
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, more);
  sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "WINFUNC %s(%d)",
                       pWin->pWFunc->zName, pWin->pWFunc->nArg);
  sqlite3TreeViewWindow(pView, pWin, 0);
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC */

/*
** Generate a human-readable explanation of an expression tree.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewExpr(TreeView *pView, const Expr *pExpr, u8 moreToFollow){
  const char *zBinOp = 0;   /* Binary operator */
  const char *zUniOp = 0;   /* Unary operator */
  char zFlgs[200];
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, moreToFollow);
  if( pExpr==0 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "nil");
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    return;
  }
  if( pExpr->flags || pExpr->affExpr || pExpr->vvaFlags ){
    StrAccum x;
    sqlite3StrAccumInit(&x, 0, zFlgs, sizeof(zFlgs), 0);
    sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " fg.af=%x.%c",
      pExpr->flags, pExpr->affExpr ? pExpr->affExpr : 'n');
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " iJoin=%d", pExpr->w.iJoin);
    }
    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromDDL) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " DDL");
    }
    if( ExprHasVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_Immutable) ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&x, " IMMUTABLE");
    }

    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "%s%s", zBinOp, zFlgs);
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pExpr->pLeft, 1);
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pExpr->pRight, 0);
  }else if( zUniOp ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "%s%s", zUniOp, zFlgs);
   sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pExpr->pLeft, 0);
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}


/*
** Generate a human-readable explanation of an expression list.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewBareExprList(

  }else{
    int i;
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "%s", zLabel);
    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
      int j = pList->a[i].u.x.iOrderByCol;
      char *zName = pList->a[i].zEName;
      int moreToFollow = i<pList->nExpr - 1;

      if( j || zName ){
        sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, moreToFollow);
        moreToFollow = 0;
        sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, 0);
        if( zName ){
          switch( pList->a[i].eEName ){
            default:
              fprintf(stdout, "AS %s ", zName);
              break;
            case ENAME_TAB:
              fprintf(stdout, "TABLE-ALIAS-NAME(\"%s\") ", zName);
              if( pList->a[i].bUsed==0 ) fprintf(stdout, "(unused) ");
              break;
            case ENAME_SPAN:
              fprintf(stdout, "SPAN(\"%s\") ", zName);
              break;
          }
        }
        if( j ){
          fprintf(stdout, "iOrderByCol=%d", j);
        }
        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
        fflush(stdout);
      }
      sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pList->a[i].pExpr, moreToFollow);
      if( j || zName ){
        sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
      }
    }
  }
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewExprList(
  TreeView *pView,
  const ExprList *pList,
  u8 moreToFollow,
  const char *zLabel
){
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, moreToFollow);
  sqlite3TreeViewBareExprList(pView, pList, zLabel);
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}

/*
** Generate a human-readable explanation of an id-list.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewBareIdList(
  TreeView *pView,
  const IdList *pList,
  const char *zLabel
){
  if( zLabel==0 || zLabel[0]==0 ) zLabel = "LIST";
  if( pList==0 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "%s (empty)", zLabel);
  }else{
    int i;
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "%s", zLabel);
    for(i=0; i<pList->nId; i++){
      char *zName = pList->a[i].zName;
      int moreToFollow = i<pList->nId - 1;
      if( zName==0 ) zName = "(null)";
      sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, moreToFollow);
      sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, 0);
      if( pList->eU4==EU4_NONE ){
        fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", zName);
      }else if( pList->eU4==EU4_IDX ){
        fprintf(stdout, "%s (%d)\n", zName, pList->a[i].u4.idx);
      }else{
        assert( pList->eU4==EU4_EXPR );
        if( pList->a[i].u4.pExpr==0 ){
          fprintf(stdout, "%s (pExpr=NULL)\n", zName);
        }else{
          fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", zName);
          sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, i<pList->nId-1);
          sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pList->a[i].u4.pExpr, 0);
          sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
        }
      }
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
  }
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewIdList(
  TreeView *pView,
  const IdList *pList,
  u8 moreToFollow,
  const char *zLabel
){
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, moreToFollow);
  sqlite3TreeViewBareIdList(pView, pList, zLabel);
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}

/*
** Generate a human-readable explanation of a list of Upsert objects
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewUpsert(
  TreeView *pView,
  const Upsert *pUpsert,
  u8 moreToFollow
){
  if( pUpsert==0 ) return;
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, moreToFollow);
  while( pUpsert ){
    int n;
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, pUpsert->pNextUpsert!=0 || moreToFollow);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "ON CONFLICT DO %s",
         pUpsert->isDoUpdate ? "UPDATE" : "NOTHING");
    n = (pUpsert->pUpsertSet!=0) + (pUpsert->pUpsertWhere!=0);
    sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pUpsert->pUpsertTarget, (n--)>0, "TARGET");
    sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pUpsert->pUpsertSet, (n--)>0, "SET");
    if( pUpsert->pUpsertWhere ){
      sqlite3TreeViewItem(pView, "WHERE", (n--)>0);
      sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pUpsert->pUpsertWhere, 0);
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    }
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
    pUpsert = pUpsert->pNextUpsert;
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}

/*
** Generate a human-readable diagram of the data structure that go
** into generating an DELETE statement.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewDelete(
  const With *pWith,
  const SrcList *pTabList,
  const Expr *pWhere,
  const ExprList *pOrderBy,
  const Expr *pLimit,
  const Trigger *pTrigger
){
  int n = 0;
  TreeView *pView = 0;
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, 0);
  sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "DELETE");
  if( pWith ) n++;
  if( pTabList ) n++;
  if( pWhere ) n++;
  if( pOrderBy ) n++;
  if( pLimit ) n++;
  if( pTrigger ) n++;
  if( pWith ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewWith(pView, pWith, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pTabList ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "FROM");
    sqlite3TreeViewSrcList(pView, pTabList);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pWhere ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "WHERE");
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pWhere, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pOrderBy ){
    sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pOrderBy, (--n)>0, "ORDER-BY");
  }
  if( pLimit ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "LIMIT");
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pLimit, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pTrigger ){
    sqlite3TreeViewTrigger(pView, pTrigger, (--n)>0, 1);
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}

/*
** Generate a human-readable diagram of the data structure that go
** into generating an INSERT statement.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewInsert(
  const With *pWith,
  const SrcList *pTabList,
  const IdList *pColumnList,
  const Select *pSelect,
  const ExprList *pExprList,
  int onError,
  const Upsert *pUpsert,
  const Trigger *pTrigger
){
  TreeView *pView = 0;
  int n = 0;
  const char *zLabel = "INSERT";
  switch( onError ){
    case OE_Replace:  zLabel = "REPLACE";             break;
    case OE_Ignore:   zLabel = "INSERT OR IGNORE";    break;
    case OE_Rollback: zLabel = "INSERT OR ROLLBACK";  break;
    case OE_Abort:    zLabel = "INSERT OR ABORT";     break;
    case OE_Fail:     zLabel = "INSERT OR FAIL";      break;
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, 0);
  sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, zLabel);
  if( pWith ) n++;
  if( pTabList ) n++;
  if( pColumnList ) n++;
  if( pSelect ) n++;
  if( pExprList ) n++;
  if( pUpsert ) n++;
  if( pTrigger ) n++;
  if( pWith ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewWith(pView, pWith, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pTabList ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "INTO");
    sqlite3TreeViewSrcList(pView, pTabList);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pColumnList ){
    sqlite3TreeViewIdList(pView, pColumnList, (--n)>0, "COLUMNS");
  }
  if( pSelect ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "DATA-SOURCE");
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(pView, pSelect, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pExprList ){
    sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pExprList, (--n)>0, "VALUES");
  }
  if( pUpsert ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "UPSERT");
    sqlite3TreeViewUpsert(pView, pUpsert, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pTrigger ){
    sqlite3TreeViewTrigger(pView, pTrigger, (--n)>0, 1);
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}

/*
** Generate a human-readable diagram of the data structure that go
** into generating an UPDATE statement.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewUpdate(
  const With *pWith,
  const SrcList *pTabList,
  const ExprList *pChanges,
  const Expr *pWhere,
  int onError,
  const ExprList *pOrderBy,
  const Expr *pLimit,
  const Upsert *pUpsert,
  const Trigger *pTrigger
){
  int n = 0;
  TreeView *pView = 0;
  const char *zLabel = "UPDATE";
  switch( onError ){
    case OE_Replace:  zLabel = "UPDATE OR REPLACE";   break;
    case OE_Ignore:   zLabel = "UPDATE OR IGNORE";    break;
    case OE_Rollback: zLabel = "UPDATE OR ROLLBACK";  break;
    case OE_Abort:    zLabel = "UPDATE OR ABORT";     break;
    case OE_Fail:     zLabel = "UPDATE OR FAIL";      break;
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, 0);
  sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, zLabel);
  if( pWith ) n++;
  if( pTabList ) n++;
  if( pChanges ) n++;
  if( pWhere ) n++;
  if( pOrderBy ) n++;
  if( pLimit ) n++;
  if( pUpsert ) n++;
  if( pTrigger ) n++;
  if( pWith ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewWith(pView, pWith, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pTabList ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "FROM");
    sqlite3TreeViewSrcList(pView, pTabList);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pChanges ){
    sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pChanges, (--n)>0, "SET");
  }
  if( pWhere ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "WHERE");
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pWhere, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pOrderBy ){
    sqlite3TreeViewExprList(pView, pOrderBy, (--n)>0, "ORDER-BY");
  }
  if( pLimit ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "LIMIT");
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(pView, pLimit, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pUpsert ){
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, (--n)>0);
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "UPSERT");
    sqlite3TreeViewUpsert(pView, pUpsert, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }
  if( pTrigger ){
    sqlite3TreeViewTrigger(pView, pTrigger, (--n)>0, 1);
  }
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
/*
** Show a human-readable graph of a TriggerStep
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewTriggerStep(
  TreeView *pView,
  const TriggerStep *pStep,
  u8 moreToFollow,
  u8 showFullList
){
  int cnt = 0;
  if( pStep==0 ) return;
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView,
      moreToFollow || (showFullList && pStep->pNext!=0));
  do{
    if( cnt++ && pStep->pNext==0 ){
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
      sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, 0);
    }
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "%s", pStep->zSpan ? pStep->zSpan : "RETURNING");
  }while( showFullList && (pStep = pStep->pNext)!=0 );
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}

/*
** Show a human-readable graph of a Trigger
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TreeViewTrigger(
  TreeView *pView,
  const Trigger *pTrigger,
  u8 moreToFollow,
  u8 showFullList
){
  int cnt = 0;
  if( pTrigger==0 ) return;
  sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView,
     moreToFollow || (showFullList && pTrigger->pNext!=0));
  do{
    if( cnt++ && pTrigger->pNext==0 ){
      sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
      sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, 0);
    }
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(pView, "TRIGGER %s", pTrigger->zName);
    sqlite3TreeViewPush(&pView, 0);
    sqlite3TreeViewTriggerStep(pView, pTrigger->step_list, 0, 1);
    sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
  }while( showFullList && (pTrigger = pTrigger->pNext)!=0 );
  sqlite3TreeViewPop(&pView);
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER */


/*
** These simplified versions of the tree-view routines omit unnecessary
** parameters.  These variants are intended to be used from a symbolic
** debugger, such as "gdb", during interactive debugging sessions.
**
** This routines are given external linkage so that they will always be
** accessible to the debugging, and to avoid warnings about unused
** functions.  But these routines only exist in debugging builds, so they
** do not contaminate the interface.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowExpr(const Expr *p){ sqlite3TreeViewExpr(0,p,0); }
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowExprList(const ExprList *p){ sqlite3TreeViewExprList(0,p,0,0);}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowIdList(const IdList *p){ sqlite3TreeViewIdList(0,p,0,0); }
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowSrcList(const SrcList *p){ sqlite3TreeViewSrcList(0,p); }
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowSelect(const Select *p){ sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0,p,0); }
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowWith(const With *p){ sqlite3TreeViewWith(0,p,0); }
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowUpsert(const Upsert *p){ sqlite3TreeViewUpsert(0,p,0); }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowTriggerStep(const TriggerStep *p){
  sqlite3TreeViewTriggerStep(0,p,0,0);
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowTriggerStepList(const TriggerStep *p){
  sqlite3TreeViewTriggerStep(0,p,0,1);
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowTrigger(const Trigger *p){ sqlite3TreeViewTrigger(0,p,0,0); }
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowTriggerList(const Trigger *p){ sqlite3TreeViewTrigger(0,p,0,1);}
#endif
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowWindow(const Window *p){ sqlite3TreeViewWindow(0,p,0); }
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ShowWinFunc(const Window *p){ sqlite3TreeViewWinFunc(0,p,0); }
#endif

#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */

/************** End of treeview.c ********************************************/
/************** Begin file random.c ******************************************/
/*
** 2001 September 15
**

    /*  64 */ "Init"             OpHelp("Start at P2"),
    /*  65 */ "PureFunc"         OpHelp("r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])"),
    /*  66 */ "Function"         OpHelp("r[P3]=func(r[P2@NP])"),
    /*  67 */ "Return"           OpHelp(""),
    /*  68 */ "EndCoroutine"     OpHelp(""),
    /*  69 */ "HaltIfNull"       OpHelp("if r[P3]=null halt"),
    /*  70 */ "Halt"             OpHelp(""),

    /*  71 */ "Integer"          OpHelp("r[P2]=P1"),
    /*  72 */ "Int64"            OpHelp("r[P2]=P4"),
    /*  73 */ "String"           OpHelp("r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)"),
    /*  74 */ "BeginSubrtn"      OpHelp("r[P2]=NULL"),
    /*  75 */ "Null"             OpHelp("r[P2..P3]=NULL"),
    /*  76 */ "SoftNull"         OpHelp("r[P1]=NULL"),
    /*  77 */ "Blob"             OpHelp("r[P2]=P4 (len=P1)"),
    /*  78 */ "Variable"         OpHelp("r[P2]=parameter(P1,P4)"),
    /*  79 */ "Move"             OpHelp("r[P2@P3]=r[P1@P3]"),
    /*  80 */ "Copy"             OpHelp("r[P2@P3+1]=r[P1@P3+1]"),
    /*  81 */ "SCopy"            OpHelp("r[P2]=r[P1]"),
    /*  82 */ "IntCopy"          OpHelp("r[P2]=r[P1]"),
    /*  83 */ "FkCheck"          OpHelp(""),
    /*  84 */ "ResultRow"        OpHelp("output=r[P1@P2]"),
    /*  85 */ "CollSeq"          OpHelp(""),
    /*  86 */ "AddImm"           OpHelp("r[P1]=r[P1]+P2"),
    /*  87 */ "RealAffinity"     OpHelp(""),
    /*  88 */ "Cast"             OpHelp("affinity(r[P1])"),
    /*  89 */ "Permutation"      OpHelp(""),
    /*  90 */ "Compare"          OpHelp("r[P1@P3] <-> r[P2@P3]"),
    /*  91 */ "IsTrue"           OpHelp("r[P2] = coalesce(r[P1]==TRUE,P3) ^ P4"),
    /*  92 */ "ZeroOrNull"       OpHelp("r[P2] = 0 OR NULL"),
    /*  93 */ "Offset"           OpHelp("r[P3] = sqlite_offset(P1)"),
    /*  94 */ "Column"           OpHelp("r[P3]=PX cursor P1 column P2"),
    /*  95 */ "TypeCheck"        OpHelp("typecheck(r[P1@P2])"),
    /*  96 */ "Affinity"         OpHelp("affinity(r[P1@P2])"),
    /*  97 */ "MakeRecord"       OpHelp("r[P3]=mkrec(r[P1@P2])"),
    /*  98 */ "Count"            OpHelp("r[P2]=count()"),
    /*  99 */ "ReadCookie"       OpHelp(""),
    /* 100 */ "SetCookie"        OpHelp(""),
    /* 101 */ "ReopenIdx"        OpHelp("root=P2 iDb=P3"),

    /* 128 */ "Insert"           OpHelp("intkey=r[P3] data=r[P2]"),
    /* 129 */ "RowCell"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 130 */ "Delete"           OpHelp(""),
    /* 131 */ "ResetCount"       OpHelp(""),
    /* 132 */ "SorterCompare"    OpHelp("if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2"),
    /* 133 */ "SorterData"       OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
    /* 134 */ "RowData"          OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
    /* 135 */ "Rowid"            OpHelp("r[P2]=PX rowid of P1"),
    /* 136 */ "NullRow"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 137 */ "SeekEnd"          OpHelp(""),
    /* 138 */ "IdxInsert"        OpHelp("key=r[P2]"),
    /* 139 */ "SorterInsert"     OpHelp("key=r[P2]"),
    /* 140 */ "IdxDelete"        OpHelp("key=r[P2@P3]"),
    /* 141 */ "DeferredSeek"     OpHelp("Move P3 to P1.rowid if needed"),
    /* 142 */ "IdxRowid"         OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),

        ** number of bytes in fragments may not exceed 60. */
        if( aData[hdr+7]>57 ) return 0;

        /* Remove the slot from the free-list. Update the number of
        ** fragmented bytes within the page. */
        memcpy(&aData[iAddr], &aData[pc], 2);
        aData[hdr+7] += (u8)x;
        testcase( pc+x>maxPC );
        return &aData[pc];
      }else if( x+pc > maxPC ){
        /* This slot extends off the end of the usable part of the page */
        *pRc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_PAGE(pPg);
        return 0;
      }else{
        /* The slot remains on the free-list. Reduce its size to account
        ** for the portion used by the new allocation. */

      if( lwr>upr ) break;
      assert( lwr+upr>=0 );
      idx = (lwr+upr)>>1;  /* idx = (lwr+upr)/2 */
    }
    assert( lwr==upr+1 || (pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf) );
    assert( pPage->isInit );
    if( pPage->leaf ){
      assert( pCur->ix<pCur->pPage->nCell || CORRUPT_DB );
      pCur->ix = (u16)idx;
      *pRes = c;
      rc = SQLITE_OK;
      goto moveto_index_finish;
    }
    if( lwr>=pPage->nCell ){
      chldPg = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);

        assert(leafCorrection==4);
        sz = pParent->xCellSize(pParent, pCell);
      }
    }
    iOvflSpace += sz;
    assert( sz<=pBt->maxLocal+23 );
    assert( iOvflSpace <= (int)pBt->pageSize );
    for(k=0; b.ixNx[k]<=j && ALWAYS(k<NB*2); k++){}
    pSrcEnd = b.apEnd[k];
    if( SQLITE_WITHIN(pSrcEnd, pCell, pCell+sz) ){
      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
      goto balance_cleanup;
    }
    insertCell(pParent, nxDiv+i, pCell, sz, pTemp, pNew->pgno, &rc);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto balance_cleanup;

  BtShared *pBt = pDest->pBt;
  u8 *aOut = pBt->pTmpSpace;    /* Pointer to next output buffer */
  const u8 *aIn;                /* Pointer to next input buffer */
  u32 nIn;                      /* Size of input buffer aIn[] */
  u32 nRem;                     /* Bytes of data still to copy */

  getCellInfo(pSrc);
  if( pSrc->info.nPayload<0x80 ){
    *(aOut++) = pSrc->info.nPayload;
  }else{
    aOut += sqlite3PutVarint(aOut, pSrc->info.nPayload);
  }
  if( pDest->pKeyInfo==0 ) aOut += putVarint(aOut, iKey);
  nIn = pSrc->info.nLocal;
  aIn = pSrc->info.pPayload;
  if( aIn+nIn>pSrc->pPage->aDataEnd ){
    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
  }
  nRem = pSrc->info.nPayload;

** otherwise.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem *pMem, FuncDef *pFunc){
  sqlite3_context ctx;
  Mem t;
  assert( pFunc!=0 );
  assert( pMem!=0 );
  assert( pMem->db!=0 );
  assert( pFunc->xFinalize!=0 );
  assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_Null)!=0 || pFunc==pMem->u.pDef );
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pMem->db->mutex) );
  memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
  memset(&t, 0, sizeof(t));
  t.flags = MEM_Null;
  t.db = pMem->db;
  ctx.pOut = &t;
  ctx.pMem = pMem;
  ctx.pFunc = pFunc;

*/
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemAggValue(Mem *pAccum, Mem *pOut, FuncDef *pFunc){
  sqlite3_context ctx;
  assert( pFunc!=0 );
  assert( pFunc->xValue!=0 );
  assert( (pAccum->flags & MEM_Null)!=0 || pFunc==pAccum->u.pDef );
  assert( pAccum->db!=0 );
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pAccum->db->mutex) );
  memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
  sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
  ctx.pOut = pOut;
  ctx.pMem = pAccum;
  ctx.pFunc = pFunc;
  ctx.enc = ENC(pAccum->db);
  pFunc->xValue(&ctx);

  }
}

/*
** Mark the VDBE as one that can only be run one time.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(Vdbe *p){
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(p, OP_Expire, 1, 1);
}

/*
** Mark the VDBE as one that can only be run multiple times.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeReusable(Vdbe *p){
  int i;
  for(i=1; ALWAYS(i<p->nOp); i++){
    if( ALWAYS(p->aOp[i].opcode==OP_Expire) ){
      p->aOp[1].opcode = OP_Noop;
      break;
    }
  }
}

#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG /* sqlite3AssertMayAbort() logic */

/*
** The following type and function are used to iterate through all opcodes
** in a Vdbe main program and each of the sub-programs (triggers) it may

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeReleaseRegisters(
  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
  int iFirst,          /* Index of first register to be released */
  int N,               /* Number of registers to release */
  u32 mask,            /* Mask of registers to NOT release */
  int bUndefine        /* If true, mark registers as undefined */
){
  if( N==0 || OptimizationDisabled(pParse->db, SQLITE_ReleaseReg) ) return;
  assert( pParse->pVdbe );
  assert( iFirst>=1 );
  assert( iFirst+N-1<=pParse->nMem );
  if( N<=31 && mask!=0 ){
    while( N>0 && (mask&1)!=0 ){
      mask >>= 1;
      iFirst++;

    }
    for(ii=0; (c = zSynopsis[ii])!=0; ii++){
      if( c=='P' ){
        c = zSynopsis[++ii];
        if( c=='4' ){
          sqlite3_str_appendall(&x, zP4);
        }else if( c=='X' ){
          if( pOp->zComment && pOp->zComment[0] ){
            sqlite3_str_appendall(&x, pOp->zComment);
          }else{
            sqlite3_str_appendall(&x, zSynopsis+1);
          }
          seenCom = 1;
          break;
        }else{
          int v1 = translateP(c, pOp);
          int v2;
          if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "@P", 2)==0 ){
            ii += 3;
            v2 = translateP(zSynopsis[ii], pOp);
            if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1,"+1",2)==0 ){

*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame *p){
  int i;
  Mem *aMem = VdbeFrameMem(p);
  VdbeCursor **apCsr = (VdbeCursor **)&aMem[p->nChildMem];
  assert( sqlite3VdbeFrameIsValid(p) );
  for(i=0; i<p->nChildCsr; i++){
    if( apCsr[i] ) sqlite3VdbeFreeCursorNN(p->v, apCsr[i]);
  }
  releaseMemArray(aMem, p->nChildMem);
  sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(p->v->db, &p->pAuxData, -1, 0);
  sqlite3DbFree(p->v->db, p);
}

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN

** This allocator is employed to repurpose unused slots at the end of the
** opcode array of prepared state for other memory needs of the prepared
** statement.
*/
static void *allocSpace(
  struct ReusableSpace *p,  /* Bulk memory available for allocation */
  void *pBuf,               /* Pointer to a prior allocation */
  sqlite3_int64 nByte       /* Bytes of memory needed. */
){
  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(p->pSpace) );
  if( pBuf==0 ){
    nByte = ROUND8P(nByte);
    if( nByte <= p->nFree ){
      p->nFree -= nByte;
      pBuf = &p->pSpace[p->nFree];
    }else{
      p->nNeeded += nByte;
    }
  }

  nMem += nCursor;
  if( nCursor==0 && nMem>0 ) nMem++;  /* Space for aMem[0] even if not used */

  /* Figure out how much reusable memory is available at the end of the
  ** opcode array.  This extra memory will be reallocated for other elements
  ** of the prepared statement.
  */
  n = ROUND8P(sizeof(Op)*p->nOp);             /* Bytes of opcode memory used */
  x.pSpace = &((u8*)p->aOp)[n];               /* Unused opcode memory */
  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(x.pSpace) );
  x.nFree = ROUNDDOWN8(pParse->szOpAlloc - n);  /* Bytes of unused memory */
  assert( x.nFree>=0 );
  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(&x.pSpace[x.nFree]) );

  resolveP2Values(p, &nArg);

}

/*
** Close a VDBE cursor and release all the resources that cursor
** happens to hold.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFreeCursor(Vdbe *p, VdbeCursor *pCx){
  if( pCx ) sqlite3VdbeFreeCursorNN(p,pCx);

}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFreeCursorNN(Vdbe *p, VdbeCursor *pCx){
  switch( pCx->eCurType ){
    case CURTYPE_SORTER: {
      sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(p->db, pCx);
      break;
    }
    case CURTYPE_BTREE: {
      assert( pCx->uc.pCursor!=0 );

** Close all cursors in the current frame.
*/
static void closeCursorsInFrame(Vdbe *p){
  int i;
  for(i=0; i<p->nCursor; i++){
    VdbeCursor *pC = p->apCsr[i];
    if( pC ){
      sqlite3VdbeFreeCursorNN(p, pC);
      p->apCsr[i] = 0;
    }
  }
}

/*
** Copy the values stored in the VdbeFrame structure to its Vdbe. This

  **     SQLITE_INTERRUPT
  **
  ** Then the internal cache might have been left in an inconsistent
  ** state.  We need to rollback the statement transaction, if there is
  ** one, or the complete transaction if there is no statement transaction.
  */

  assert( p->eVdbeState==VDBE_RUN_STATE );


  if( db->mallocFailed ){
    p->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
  }
  closeAllCursors(p);
  checkActiveVdbeCnt(db);

  /* No commit or rollback needed if the program never started or if the

  sqlite3 *db;
  db = p->db;

  /* If the VM did not run to completion or if it encountered an
  ** error, then it might not have been halted properly.  So halt
  ** it now.
  */
  if( p->eVdbeState==VDBE_RUN_STATE ) sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);

  /* If the VDBE has been run even partially, then transfer the error code
  ** and error message from the VDBE into the main database structure.  But
  ** if the VDBE has just been set to run but has not actually executed any
  ** instructions yet, leave the main database error information unchanged.
  */
  if( p->pc>=0 ){
    vdbeInvokeSqllog(p);
    if( db->pErr || p->zErrMsg ){
      sqlite3VdbeTransferError(p);
    }else{
      db->errCode = p->rc;
    }

  }

  /* Reset register contents and reclaim error message memory.
  */
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  /* Execute assert() statements to ensure that the Vdbe.apCsr[] and
  ** Vdbe.aMem[] arrays have already been cleaned up.  */

** Free all memory associated with the Vdbe passed as the second argument,
** except for object itself, which is preserved.
**
** The difference between this function and sqlite3VdbeDelete() is that
** VdbeDelete() also unlinks the Vdbe from the list of VMs associated with
** the database connection and frees the object itself.
*/
static void sqlite3VdbeClearObject(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
  SubProgram *pSub, *pNext;
  assert( p->db==0 || p->db==db );
  if( p->aColName ){
    releaseMemArray(p->aColName, p->nResColumn*COLNAME_N);
    sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p->aColName);
  }
  for(pSub=p->pProgram; pSub; pSub=pNext){

SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDelete(Vdbe *p){
  sqlite3 *db;

  assert( p!=0 );
  db = p->db;
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
  sqlite3VdbeClearObject(db, p);
  if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ){
    if( p->pPrev ){
      p->pPrev->pNext = p->pNext;
    }else{
      assert( db->pVdbe==p );
      db->pVdbe = p->pNext;
    }
    if( p->pNext ){
      p->pNext->pPrev = p->pPrev;
    }
  }
  sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p);
}

/*
** The cursor "p" has a pending seek operation that has not yet been
** carried out.  Seek the cursor now.  If an error occurs, return

}

/*
** Check to ensure that the cursor is valid.  Restore the cursor
** if need be.  Return any I/O error from the restore operation.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCursorRestore(VdbeCursor *p){
  assert( p->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE || IsNullCursor(p) );
  if( sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(p->uc.pCursor) ){
    return sqlite3VdbeHandleMovedCursor(p);
  }
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** The following functions:
**
** sqlite3VdbeSerialType()
** sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen()
** sqlite3VdbeSerialLen()
** sqlite3VdbeSerialPut()  <--- in-lined into OP_MakeRecord as of 2022-04-02
** sqlite3VdbeSerialGet()
**
** encapsulate the code that serializes values for storage in SQLite
** data and index records. Each serialized value consists of a
** 'serial-type' and a blob of data. The serial type is an 8-byte unsigned
** integer, stored as a varint.
**

  return ((n*2) + 12 + ((flags&MEM_Str)!=0));
}
#endif /* inlined into OP_MakeRecord */

/*
** The sizes for serial types less than 128
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE const u8 sqlite3SmallTypeSizes[128] = {
        /*  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 */
/*   0 */   0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  8,  8,  0,  0,
/*  10 */   0,  0,  0,  0,  1,  1,  2,  2,  3,  3,
/*  20 */   4,  4,  5,  5,  6,  6,  7,  7,  8,  8,
/*  30 */   9,  9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 13,
/*  40 */  14, 14, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18, 18,
/*  50 */  19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 22, 22, 23, 23,

** the necessary byte swapping is carried out using a 64-bit integer
** rather than a 64-bit float.  Frank assures us that the code here
** works for him.  We, the developers, have no way to independently
** verify this, but Frank seems to know what he is talking about
** so we trust him.
*/
#ifdef SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT
SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3FloatSwap(u64 in){
  union {
    u64 r;
    u32 i[2];
  } u;
  u32 t;

  u.r = in;
  t = u.i[0];
  u.i[0] = u.i[1];
  u.i[1] = t;
  return u.r;
}



#endif /* SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT */


















































/* Input "x" is a sequence of unsigned characters that represent a
** big-endian integer.  Return the equivalent native integer
*/
#define ONE_BYTE_INT(x)    ((i8)(x)[0])
#define TWO_BYTE_INT(x)    (256*(i8)((x)[0])|(x)[1])
#define THREE_BYTE_INT(x)  (65536*(i8)((x)[0])|((x)[1]<<8)|(x)[2])

** If an OOM error occurs, NULL is returned.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo               /* Description of the record */
){
  UnpackedRecord *p;              /* Unpacked record to return */
  int nByte;                      /* Number of bytes required for *p */
  nByte = ROUND8P(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*(pKeyInfo->nKeyField+1);
  p = (UnpackedRecord *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pKeyInfo->db, nByte);
  if( !p ) return 0;
  p->aMem = (Mem*)&((char*)p)[ROUND8P(sizeof(UnpackedRecord))];
  assert( pKeyInfo->aSortFlags!=0 );
  p->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
  p->nField = pKeyInfo->nKeyField + 1;
  return p;
}

/*

  const unsigned char *aKey1 = (const unsigned char *)pKey1;
  Mem mem1;

  /* If bSkip is true, then the caller has already determined that the first
  ** two elements in the keys are equal. Fix the various stack variables so
  ** that this routine begins comparing at the second field. */
  if( bSkip ){
    u32 s1 = aKey1[1];
    if( s1<0x80 ){
      idx1 = 2;
    }else{
      idx1 = 1 + sqlite3GetVarint32(&aKey1[1], &s1);
    }
    szHdr1 = aKey1[0];
    d1 = szHdr1 + sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(s1);
    i = 1;
    pRhs++;
  }else{
    if( (szHdr1 = aKey1[0])<0x80 ){
      idx1 = 1;
    }else{
      idx1 = sqlite3GetVarint32(aKey1, &szHdr1);
    }
    d1 = szHdr1;
    i = 0;
  }
  if( d1>(unsigned)nKey1 ){
    pPKey2->errCode = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
    return 0;  /* Corruption */
  }

** schema change has occurred.  That detail is handled by the
** outer sqlite3_step() wrapper procedure.
*/
static int sqlite3Step(Vdbe *p){
  sqlite3 *db;
  int rc;

  assert(p);
  db = p->db;






  if( p->eVdbeState!=VDBE_RUN_STATE ){
    restart_step:
    if( p->eVdbeState==VDBE_READY_STATE ){
      if( p->expired ){
        p->rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
        rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
        if( (p->prepFlags & SQLITE_PREPARE_SAVESQL)!=0 ){

  sqlite3 *db;             /* The database connection */

  if( vdbeSafetyNotNull(v) ){
    return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
  }
  db = v->db;
  sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);

  while( (rc = sqlite3Step(v))==SQLITE_SCHEMA
         && cnt++ < SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY ){
    int savedPc = v->pc;
    rc = sqlite3Reprepare(v);
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      /* This case occurs after failing to recompile an sql statement.
      ** The error message from the SQL compiler has already been loaded

      } else {
        v->zErrMsg = 0;
        v->rc = rc = SQLITE_NOMEM_BKPT;
      }
      break;
    }
    sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
    if( savedPc>=0 ){
      /* Setting minWriteFileFormat to 254 is a signal to the OP_Init and
      ** OP_Trace opcodes to *not* perform SQLITE_TRACE_STMT because one
      ** should output has already occurred due to SQLITE_SCHEMA.
      ** tag-20220401a */
      v->minWriteFileFormat = 254;
    }
    assert( v->expired==0 );
  }
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
  return rc;
}

  }
#endif
  if( op==SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_MEMUSED ){
    sqlite3 *db = pVdbe->db;
    sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
    v = 0;
    db->pnBytesFreed = (int*)&v;
    sqlite3VdbeDelete(pVdbe);

    db->pnBytesFreed = 0;
    sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
  }else{
    v = pVdbe->aCounter[op];
    if( resetFlag ) pVdbe->aCounter[op] = 0;
  }
  return (int)v;

  ** Cursor 2 is at Mem[p->nMem-2]. And so forth.
  */
  Mem *pMem = iCur>0 ? &p->aMem[p->nMem-iCur] : p->aMem;

  int nByte;
  VdbeCursor *pCx = 0;
  nByte =
      ROUND8P(sizeof(VdbeCursor)) + 2*sizeof(u32)*nField +
      (eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE?sqlite3BtreeCursorSize():0);

  assert( iCur>=0 && iCur<p->nCursor );
  if( p->apCsr[iCur] ){ /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/
    sqlite3VdbeFreeCursorNN(p, p->apCsr[iCur]);
    p->apCsr[iCur] = 0;
  }

  /* There used to be a call to sqlite3VdbeMemClearAndResize() to make sure
  ** the pMem used to hold space for the cursor has enough storage available
  ** in pMem->zMalloc.  But for the special case of the aMem[] entries used
  ** to hold cursors, it is faster to in-line the logic. */

  p->apCsr[iCur] = pCx = (VdbeCursor*)pMem->zMalloc;
  memset(pCx, 0, offsetof(VdbeCursor,pAltCursor));
  pCx->eCurType = eCurType;
  pCx->nField = nField;
  pCx->aOffset = &pCx->aType[nField];
  if( eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE ){
    pCx->uc.pCursor = (BtCursor*)
        &pMem->z[ROUND8P(sizeof(VdbeCursor))+2*sizeof(u32)*nField];
    sqlite3BtreeCursorZero(pCx->uc.pCursor);
  }
  return pCx;
}

/*
** The string in pRec is known to look like an integer and to have a

  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor) );
  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
  assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pIn1)==0 );
  memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
  pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
  pIn1->u.i = (int)(pOp-aOp);
  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pIn1);



  goto jump_to_p2_and_check_for_interrupt;


}

/* Opcode:  Return P1 P2 P3 * *
**
** Jump to the address stored in register P1.  If P1 is a return address
** register, then this accomplishes a return from a subroutine.
**
** If P3 is 1, then the jump is only taken if register P1 holds an integer
** values, otherwise execution falls through to the next opcode, and the
** OP_Return becomes a no-op. If P3 is 0, then register P1 must hold an
** integer or else an assert() is raised.  P3 should be set to 1 when
** this opcode is used in combination with OP_BeginSubrtn, and set to 0
** otherwise.
**
** The value in register P1 is unchanged by this opcode.
**
** P2 is not used by the byte-code engine.  However, if P2 is positive

** and also less than the current address, then the "EXPLAIN" output
** formatter in the CLI will indent all opcodes from the P2 opcode up
** to be not including the current Return.   P2 should be the first opcode
** in the subroutine from which this opcode is returnning.  Thus the P2
** value is a byte-code indentation hint.  See tag-20220407a in
** wherecode.c and shell.c.
*/
case OP_Return: {           /* in1 */
  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
  if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Int ){
    if( pOp->p3 ){ VdbeBranchTaken(1, 2); }
    pOp = &aOp[pIn1->u.i];

  }else if( ALWAYS(pOp->p3) ){
    VdbeBranchTaken(0, 2);
  }
  break;
}

/* Opcode: InitCoroutine P1 P2 P3 * *
**
** Set up register P1 so that it will Yield to the coroutine
** located at address P3.

  assert( pOp->p1>0 &&  pOp->p1<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor) );
  assert( pOp->p2>=0 && pOp->p2<p->nOp );
  assert( pOp->p3>=0 && pOp->p3<p->nOp );
  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p1];
  assert( !VdbeMemDynamic(pOut) );
  pOut->u.i = pOp->p3 - 1;
  pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
  if( pOp->p2==0 ) break;

  /* Most jump operations do a goto to this spot in order to update
  ** the pOp pointer. */
jump_to_p2:
  pOp = &aOp[pOp->p2 - 1];
  break;
}

/* Opcode:  EndCoroutine P1 * * * *
**
** The instruction at the address in register P1 is a Yield.
** Jump to the P2 parameter of that Yield.

** every program.  So a jump past the last instruction of the program
** is the same as executing Halt.
*/
case OP_Halt: {
  VdbeFrame *pFrame;
  int pcx;


#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  if( pOp->p2==OE_Abort ){ sqlite3VdbeAssertAbortable(p); }
#endif
  if( p->pFrame && pOp->p1==SQLITE_OK ){
    /* Halt the sub-program. Return control to the parent frame. */
    pFrame = p->pFrame;
    p->pFrame = pFrame->pParent;
    p->nFrame--;
    sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(db, p->nChange);
    pcx = sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(pFrame);
    if( pOp->p2==OE_Ignore ){

    aOp = p->aOp;
    aMem = p->aMem;
    pOp = &aOp[pcx];
    break;
  }
  p->rc = pOp->p1;
  p->errorAction = (u8)pOp->p2;

  assert( pOp->p5<=4 );
  if( p->rc ){
    if( pOp->p5 ){
      static const char * const azType[] = { "NOT NULL", "UNIQUE", "CHECK",
                                             "FOREIGN KEY" };
      testcase( pOp->p5==1 );
      testcase( pOp->p5==2 );
      testcase( pOp->p5==3 );
      testcase( pOp->p5==4 );
      sqlite3VdbeError(p, "%s constraint failed", azType[pOp->p5-1]);
      if( pOp->p4.z ){
        p->zErrMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%z: %s", p->zErrMsg, pOp->p4.z);
      }
    }else{
      sqlite3VdbeError(p, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
    }
    pcx = (int)(pOp - aOp);
    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, "abort at %d in [%s]: %s", pcx, p->zSql, p->zErrMsg);
  }
  rc = sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);
  assert( rc==SQLITE_BUSY || rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_ERROR );
  if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
    p->rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
  }else{
    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->rc&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || db->nDeferredCons>0 || db->nDeferredImmCons>0 );
    rc = p->rc ? SQLITE_ERROR : SQLITE_DONE;
  }
  goto vdbe_return;
}











/* Opcode: Integer P1 P2 * * *
** Synopsis: r[P2]=P1
**
** The 32-bit integer value P1 is written into register P2.
*/

case OP_Integer: {         /* out2 */
  pOut = out2Prerelease(p, pOp);
  pOut->u.i = pOp->p1;
  break;
}

/* Opcode: Int64 * P2 * P4 *

    assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Int );
    if( pIn3->u.i==pOp->p5 ) pOut->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Static|MEM_Term;
  }
#endif
  break;
}

/* Opcode: BeginSubrtn * P2 * * *
** Synopsis: r[P2]=NULL
**
** Mark the beginning of a subroutine that can be entered in-line
** or that can be called using OP_Gosub.  The subroutine should
** be terminated by an OP_Return instruction that has a P1 operand that
** is the same as the P2 operand to this opcode and that has P3 set to 1.
** If the subroutine is entered in-line, then the OP_Return will simply
** fall through.  But if the subroutine is entered using OP_Gosub, then
** the OP_Return will jump back to the first instruction after the OP_Gosub.
**
** This routine works by loading a NULL into the P2 register.  When the
** return address register contains a NULL, the OP_Return instruction is
** a no-op that simply falls through to the next instruction (assuming that
** the OP_Return opcode has a P3 value of 1).  Thus if the subroutine is
** entered in-line, then the OP_Return will cause in-line execution to
** continue.  But if the subroutine is entered via OP_Gosub, then the
** OP_Return will cause a return to the address following the OP_Gosub.
**
** This opcode is identical to OP_Null.  It has a different name
** only to make the byte code easier to read and verify.
*/
/* Opcode: Null P1 P2 P3 * *
** Synopsis: r[P2..P3]=NULL
**
** Write a NULL into registers P2.  If P3 greater than P2, then also write
** NULL into register P3 and every register in between P2 and P3.  If P3
** is less than P2 (typically P3 is zero) then only register P2 is
** set to NULL.
**
** If the P1 value is non-zero, then also set the MEM_Cleared flag so that
** NULL values will not compare equal even if SQLITE_NULLEQ is set on
** OP_Ne or OP_Eq.
*/
case OP_BeginSubrtn:
case OP_Null: {           /* out2 */
  int cnt;
  u16 nullFlag;
  pOut = out2Prerelease(p, pOp);
  cnt = pOp->p3-pOp->p2;
  assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor) );
  pOut->flags = nullFlag = pOp->p1 ? (MEM_Null|MEM_Cleared) : MEM_Null;

** The registers P1 through P1+P2-1 contain a single row of
** results. This opcode causes the sqlite3_step() call to terminate
** with an SQLITE_ROW return code and it sets up the sqlite3_stmt
** structure to provide access to the r(P1)..r(P1+P2-1) values as
** the result row.
*/
case OP_ResultRow: {


  assert( p->nResColumn==pOp->p2 );
  assert( pOp->p1>0 || CORRUPT_DB );
  assert( pOp->p1+pOp->p2<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor)+1 );


  p->cacheCtr = (p->cacheCtr + 2)|1;
  p->pResultSet = &aMem[pOp->p1];
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  {




    Mem *pMem = p->pResultSet;
    int i;
    for(i=0; i<pOp->p2; i++){
      assert( memIsValid(&pMem[i]) );




      REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1+i, &pMem[i]);

      /* The registers in the result will not be used again when the
      ** prepared statement restarts.  This is because sqlite3_column()
      ** APIs might have caused type conversions of made other changes to
      ** the register values.  Therefore, we can go ahead and break any
      ** OP_SCopy dependencies. */
      pMem[i].pScopyFrom = 0;

    }

  }
#endif
  if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
  if( db->mTrace & SQLITE_TRACE_ROW ){
    db->trace.xV2(SQLITE_TRACE_ROW, db->pTraceArg, p, 0);
  }




  p->pc = (int)(pOp - aOp) + 1;
  rc = SQLITE_ROW;
  goto vdbe_return;
}

/* Opcode: Concat P1 P2 P3 * *
** Synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]+r[P1]

  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
  flags1 = pIn1->flags;
  flags3 = pIn3->flags;
  if( (flags1 & flags3 & MEM_Int)!=0 ){
    assert( (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK)!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT || CORRUPT_DB );
    /* Common case of comparison of two integers */
    if( pIn3->u.i > pIn1->u.i ){

      if( sqlite3aGTb[pOp->opcode] ){
        VdbeBranchTaken(1, (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ)?2:3);
        goto jump_to_p2;
      }
      iCompare = +1;
    }else if( pIn3->u.i < pIn1->u.i ){

      if( sqlite3aLTb[pOp->opcode] ){
        VdbeBranchTaken(1, (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ)?2:3);
        goto jump_to_p2;
      }
      iCompare = -1;
    }else{

      if( sqlite3aEQb[pOp->opcode] ){
        VdbeBranchTaken(1, (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ)?2:3);
        goto jump_to_p2;
      }
      iCompare = 0;
    }
    VdbeBranchTaken(0, (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ)?2:3);
    break;
  }
  if( (flags1 | flags3)&MEM_Null ){
    /* One or both operands are NULL */
    if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ ){

        res = ((flags3 & MEM_Null) ? -1 : +1);  /* Operands are not equal */
      }
    }else{
      /* SQLITE_NULLEQ is clear and at least one operand is NULL,
      ** then the result is always NULL.
      ** The jump is taken if the SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL bit is set.
      */

      VdbeBranchTaken(2,3);
      if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL ){
        goto jump_to_p2;
      }
      iCompare = 1;    /* Operands are not equal */
      break;
    }
  }else{
    /* Neither operand is NULL and we couldn't do the special high-speed
    ** integer comparison case.  So do a general-case comparison. */
    affinity = pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK;
    if( affinity>=SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC ){

/* Opcode: Permutation * * * P4 *
**
** Set the permutation used by the OP_Compare operator in the next
** instruction.  The permutation is stored in the P4 operand.
**
** The permutation is only valid for the next opcode which must be
** an OP_Compare that has the OPFLAG_PERMUTE bit set in P5.

**
** The first integer in the P4 integer array is the length of the array
** and does not become part of the permutation.
*/
case OP_Permutation: {
  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INTARRAY );
  assert( pOp->p4.ai );

** P4 is a KeyInfo structure that defines collating sequences and sort
** orders for the comparison.  The permutation applies to registers
** only.  The KeyInfo elements are used sequentially.
**
** The comparison is a sort comparison, so NULLs compare equal,
** NULLs are less than numbers, numbers are less than strings,
** and strings are less than blobs.
**
** This opcode must be immediately followed by an OP_Jump opcode.
*/
case OP_Compare: {
  int n;
  int i;
  int p1;
  int p2;
  const KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;

      ){
        iCompare = -iCompare;
      }
      if( bRev ) iCompare = -iCompare;
      break;
    }
  }
  assert( pOp[1].opcode==OP_Jump );
  break;
}

/* Opcode: Jump P1 P2 P3 * *
**
** Jump to the instruction at address P1, P2, or P3 depending on whether
** in the most recent OP_Compare instruction the P1 vector was less than
** equal to, or greater than the P2 vector, respectively.
**
** This opcode must immediately follow an OP_Compare opcode.
*/
case OP_Jump: {             /* jump */
  assert( pOp>aOp && pOp[-1].opcode==OP_Compare );
  if( iCompare<0 ){
    VdbeBranchTaken(0,4); pOp = &aOp[pOp->p1 - 1];
  }else if( iCompare==0 ){
    VdbeBranchTaken(1,4); pOp = &aOp[pOp->p2 - 1];
  }else{
    VdbeBranchTaken(2,4); pOp = &aOp[pOp->p3 - 1];
  }

    }
  }
  break;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_OFFSET_SQL_FUNC */

/* Opcode: Column P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
** Synopsis: r[P3]=PX cursor P1 column P2
**
** Interpret the data that cursor P1 points to as a structure built using
** the MakeRecord instruction.  (See the MakeRecord opcode for additional
** information about the format of the data.)  Extract the P2-th column
** from this record.  If there are less that (P2+1)
** values in the record, extract a NULL.
**

  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor) );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  p2 = (u32)pOp->p2;

op_column_restart:
  assert( pC!=0 );
  assert( p2<(u32)pC->nField
       || (pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_PSEUDO && pC->seekResult==0) );
  aOffset = pC->aOffset;
  assert( aOffset==pC->aType+pC->nField );
  assert( pC->eCurType!=CURTYPE_VTAB );
  assert( pC->eCurType!=CURTYPE_PSEUDO || pC->nullRow );
  assert( pC->eCurType!=CURTYPE_SORTER );

  if( pC->cacheStatus!=p->cacheCtr ){                /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/
    if( pC->nullRow ){
      if( pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_PSEUDO && pC->seekResult>0 ){
        /* For the special case of as pseudo-cursor, the seekResult field
        ** identifies the register that holds the record */

        pReg = &aMem[pC->seekResult];
        assert( pReg->flags & MEM_Blob );
        assert( memIsValid(pReg) );
        pC->payloadSize = pC->szRow = pReg->n;
        pC->aRow = (u8*)pReg->z;
      }else{
        pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];

      assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCrsr) );
      pC->payloadSize = sqlite3BtreePayloadSize(pCrsr);
      pC->aRow = sqlite3BtreePayloadFetch(pCrsr, &pC->szRow);
      assert( pC->szRow<=pC->payloadSize );
      assert( pC->szRow<=65536 );  /* Maximum page size is 64KiB */
    }
    pC->cacheStatus = p->cacheCtr;
    if( (aOffset[0] = pC->aRow[0])<0x80 ){
      pC->iHdrOffset = 1;
    }else{
      pC->iHdrOffset = sqlite3GetVarint32(pC->aRow, aOffset);
    }
    pC->nHdrParsed = 0;

    if( pC->szRow<aOffset[0] ){      /*OPTIMIZATION-IF-FALSE*/
      /* pC->aRow does not have to hold the entire row, but it does at least
      ** need to cover the header of the record.  If pC->aRow does not contain
      ** the complete header, then set it to zero, forcing the header to be
      ** dynamically allocated. */

    pOut->flags |= MEM_Zero;
  }
  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
  zHdr = (u8 *)pOut->z;
  zPayload = zHdr + nHdr;

  /* Write the record */
  if( nHdr<0x80 ){
    *(zHdr++) = nHdr;
  }else{
    zHdr += sqlite3PutVarint(zHdr,nHdr);
  }
  assert( pData0<=pLast );
  pRec = pData0;

  while( 1 /*exit-by-break*/ ){
    serial_type = pRec->uTemp;
    /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-06529-47362 Following the size varint are one or more
    ** additional varints, one per column.

    ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-64536-51728 The values for each column in the record
    ** immediately follow the header. */
    if( serial_type<=7 ){
      *(zHdr++) = serial_type;
      if( serial_type==0 ){
        /* NULL value.  No change in zPayload */
      }else{
        u64 v;
        u32 i;
        if( serial_type==7 ){
          assert( sizeof(v)==sizeof(pRec->u.r) );
          memcpy(&v, &pRec->u.r, sizeof(v));
          swapMixedEndianFloat(v);
        }else{
          v = pRec->u.i;
        }
        len = i = sqlite3SmallTypeSizes[serial_type];
        assert( i>0 );
        while( 1 /*exit-by-break*/ ){
          zPayload[--i] = (u8)(v&0xFF);
          if( i==0 ) break;
          v >>= 8;
        }
        zPayload += len;
      }
    }else if( serial_type<0x80 ){
      *(zHdr++) = serial_type;
      if( serial_type>=14 && pRec->n>0 ){
        assert( pRec->z!=0 );
        memcpy(zPayload, pRec->z, pRec->n);
        zPayload += pRec->n;
      }
    }else{
      zHdr += sqlite3PutVarint(zHdr, serial_type);
      if( pRec->n ){
        assert( pRec->z!=0 );
        memcpy(zPayload, pRec->z, pRec->n);
        zPayload += pRec->n;
      }
    }
    if( pRec==pLast ) break;
    pRec++;
  }
  assert( nHdr==(int)(zHdr - (u8*)pOut->z) );
  assert( nByte==(int)(zPayload - (u8*)pOut->z) );

  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem+1 - p->nCursor) );
  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pOut);
  break;
}

      if( !isTransaction || p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, p1, iSavepoint);
        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
      }
    }
  }
  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
  if( p->eVdbeState==VDBE_HALT_STATE ){
    rc = SQLITE_DONE;
    goto vdbe_return;
  }
  break;
}

/* Opcode: AutoCommit P1 P2 * * *
**
** Set the database auto-commit flag to P1 (1 or 0). If P2 is true, roll
** back any currently active btree transactions. If there are any active

** if the schema generation counter in P4 differs from the current
** generation counter, then an SQLITE_SCHEMA error is raised and execution
** halts.  The sqlite3_step() wrapper function might then reprepare the
** statement and rerun it from the beginning.
*/
case OP_Transaction: {
  Btree *pBt;
  Db *pDb;
  int iMeta = 0;

  assert( p->bIsReader );
  assert( p->readOnly==0 || pOp->p2==0 );
  assert( pOp->p2>=0 && pOp->p2<=2 );
  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
  if( pOp->p2 && (db->flags & (SQLITE_QueryOnly|SQLITE_CorruptRdOnly))!=0 ){
    if( db->flags & SQLITE_QueryOnly ){
      /* Writes prohibited by the "PRAGMA query_only=TRUE" statement */
      rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
    }else{
      /* Writes prohibited due to a prior SQLITE_CORRUPT in the current
      ** transaction */
      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT;
    }
    goto abort_due_to_error;
  }
  pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
  pBt = pDb->pBt;

  if( pBt ){
    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pBt, pOp->p2, &iMeta);
    testcase( rc==SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT );
    testcase( rc==SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY );
    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
      if( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_BUSY ){

      p->nStmtDefCons = db->nDeferredCons;
      p->nStmtDefImmCons = db->nDeferredImmCons;
    }
  }
  assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK
   && pOp->p5
   && (iMeta!=pOp->p3 || pDb->pSchema->iGeneration!=pOp->p4.i)

  ){
    /*
    ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-03189-51135 As each SQL statement runs, the schema
    ** version is checked to ensure that the schema has not changed since the
    ** SQL statement was prepared.
    */
    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);

  /* Fall through into OP_NotFound */
  /* no break */ deliberate_fall_through
}
case OP_NoConflict:     /* jump, in3 */
case OP_NotFound:       /* jump, in3 */
case OP_Found: {        /* jump, in3 */
  int alreadyExists;

  int ii;
  VdbeCursor *pC;


  UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
  UnpackedRecord r;

#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
  if( pOp->opcode!=OP_NoConflict ) sqlite3_found_count++;
#endif

  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  assert( pC!=0 );
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
  pC->seekOp = pOp->opcode;
#endif
  r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
  assert( pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE );
  assert( pC->uc.pCursor!=0 );
  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
  r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
  if( r.nField>0 ){
    /* Key values in an array of registers */
    r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;

    r.default_rc = 0;
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
    for(ii=0; ii<r.nField; ii++){
      assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[ii]) );
      assert( (r.aMem[ii].flags & MEM_Zero)==0 || r.aMem[ii].n==0 );
      if( ii ) REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3+ii, &r.aMem[ii]);
    }
#endif
    rc = sqlite3BtreeIndexMoveto(pC->uc.pCursor, &r, &pC->seekResult);

  }else{
    /* Composite key generated by OP_MakeRecord */
    assert( r.aMem->flags & MEM_Blob );
    assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_NoConflict );
    rc = ExpandBlob(r.aMem);
    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM );
    if( rc ) goto no_mem;
    pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(pC->pKeyInfo);
    if( pIdxKey==0 ) goto no_mem;
    sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pC->pKeyInfo, r.aMem->n, r.aMem->z, pIdxKey);

    pIdxKey->default_rc = 0;












    rc = sqlite3BtreeIndexMoveto(pC->uc.pCursor, pIdxKey, &pC->seekResult);
    sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, pIdxKey);
  }
  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
    goto abort_due_to_error;
  }

  alreadyExists = (pC->seekResult==0);
  pC->nullRow = 1-alreadyExists;
  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Found ){
    VdbeBranchTaken(alreadyExists!=0,2);
    if( alreadyExists ) goto jump_to_p2;
  }else{
    if( !alreadyExists ){
      VdbeBranchTaken(1,2);
      goto jump_to_p2;
    }
    if( pOp->opcode==OP_NoConflict ){
      /* For the OP_NoConflict opcode, take the jump if any of the
      ** input fields are NULL, since any key with a NULL will not
      ** conflict */
      for(ii=0; ii<r.nField; ii++){
        if( r.aMem[ii].flags & MEM_Null ){
          VdbeBranchTaken(1,2);
          goto jump_to_p2;
        }
      }
    }
    VdbeBranchTaken(0,2);
    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IfNoHope ){
      pC->seekHit = pOp->p4.i;
    }
  }
  break;
}

/* Opcode: SeekRowid P1 P2 P3 * *
** Synopsis: intkey=r[P3]
**

  if( !pOp->p3 ) Deephemeralize(pOut);
  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
  break;
}

/* Opcode: Rowid P1 P2 * * *
** Synopsis: r[P2]=PX rowid of P1
**
** Store in register P2 an integer which is the key of the table entry that
** P1 is currently point to.
**
** P1 can be either an ordinary table or a virtual table.  There used to
** be a separate OP_VRowid opcode for use with virtual tables, but this
** one opcode now works for both table types.

/* Opcode: NullRow P1 * * * *
**
** Move the cursor P1 to a null row.  Any OP_Column operations
** that occur while the cursor is on the null row will always
** write a NULL.
**
** If cursor P1 is not previously opened, open it now to a special

** pseudo-cursor that always returns NULL for every column.
*/
case OP_NullRow: {
  VdbeCursor *pC;

  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  if( pC==0 ){
    /* If the cursor is not already open, create a special kind of
    ** pseudo-cursor that always gives null rows. */
    pC = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, 1, CURTYPE_PSEUDO);
    if( pC==0 ) goto no_mem;
    pC->seekResult = 0;
    pC->isTable = 1;
    pC->uc.pCursor = sqlite3BtreeFakeValidCursor();
  }
  pC->nullRow = 1;
  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
  if( pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE ){
    assert( pC->uc.pCursor!=0 );
    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(pC->uc.pCursor);
  }
#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG

  VdbeCursor *pC;             /* The P1 index cursor */
  VdbeCursor *pTabCur;        /* The P2 table cursor (OP_DeferredSeek only) */
  i64 rowid;                  /* Rowid that P1 current points to */

  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
  assert( pC!=0 );
  assert( pC->eCurType==CURTYPE_BTREE || IsNullCursor(pC) );
  assert( pC->uc.pCursor!=0 );
  assert( pC->isTable==0 || IsNullCursor(pC) );
  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
  assert( !pC->nullRow || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxRowid );

  /* The IdxRowid and Seek opcodes are combined because of the commonality
  ** of sqlite3VdbeCursorRestore() and sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(). */
  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorRestore(pC);

  assert( pOp->p4.z==0 || strncmp(pOp->p4.z, "-" "- ", 3)==0 );

  /* OP_Init is always instruction 0 */
  assert( pOp==p->aOp || pOp->opcode==OP_Trace );

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
  if( (db->mTrace & (SQLITE_TRACE_STMT|SQLITE_TRACE_LEGACY))!=0
   && p->minWriteFileFormat!=254  /* tag-20220401a */
   && (zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
  ){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
    if( db->mTrace & SQLITE_TRACE_LEGACY ){
      char *z = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(p, zTrace);
      db->trace.xLegacy(db->pTraceArg, z);
      sqlite3_free(z);

    sqlite3VdbeError(p, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(rc));
  }
  p->rc = rc;
  sqlite3SystemError(db, rc);
  testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
  sqlite3_log(rc, "statement aborts at %d: [%s] %s",
                   (int)(pOp - aOp), p->zSql, p->zErrMsg);
  if( p->eVdbeState==VDBE_RUN_STATE ) sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);
  if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ) sqlite3OomFault(db);
  if( rc==SQLITE_CORRUPT && db->autoCommit==0 ){
    db->flags |= SQLITE_CorruptRdOnly;
  }
  rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
  if( resetSchemaOnFault>0 ){
    sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, resetSchemaOnFault-1);

        pExpr->y.pWin->pOwner = pExpr;
      }
    }
    sqlite3DbFree(db, pDup);
  }
}


















/*
** Subqueries stores the original database, table and column names for their
** result sets in ExprList.a[].zSpan, in the form "DATABASE.TABLE.COLUMN".
** Check to see if the zSpan given to this routine matches the zDb, zTab,
** and zCol.  If any of zDb, zTab, and zCol are NULL then those fields will
** match anything.
*/

  }else{
    testcase( n==BMS-1 );
    testcase( n==BMS );
    if( n>=BMS ) n = BMS-1;
    return ((Bitmask)1)<<n;
  }
}

/*
** Create a new expression term for the column specified by pMatch and
** iColumn.  Append this new expression term to the FULL JOIN Match set
** in *ppList.  Create a new *ppList if this is the first term in the
** set.
*/
static void extendFJMatch(
  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
  ExprList **ppList,      /* ExprList to extend */
  SrcItem *pMatch,        /* Source table containing the column */
  i16 iColumn             /* The column number */
){
  Expr *pNew = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, TK_COLUMN, 0, 0);
  if( pNew ){
    pNew->iTable = pMatch->iCursor;
    pNew->iColumn = iColumn;
    pNew->y.pTab = pMatch->pTab;
    assert( (pMatch->fg.jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_LTORJ))!=0 );
    ExprSetProperty(pNew, EP_CanBeNull);
    *ppList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, *ppList, pNew);
  }
}

/*
** Given the name of a column of the form X.Y.Z or Y.Z or just Z, look up
** that name in the set of source tables in pSrcList and make the pExpr
** expression node refer back to that source column.  The following changes
** are made to pExpr:
**

  int nSubquery = 0;                /* How many levels of subquery */
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;         /* The database connection */
  SrcItem *pItem;                   /* Use for looping over pSrcList items */
  SrcItem *pMatch = 0;              /* The matching pSrcList item */
  NameContext *pTopNC = pNC;        /* First namecontext in the list */
  Schema *pSchema = 0;              /* Schema of the expression */
  int eNewExprOp = TK_COLUMN;       /* New value for pExpr->op on success */
  Table *pTab = 0;                  /* Table holding the row */
  Column *pCol;                     /* A column of pTab */
  ExprList *pFJMatch = 0;           /* Matches for FULL JOIN .. USING */

  assert( pNC );     /* the name context cannot be NULL. */
  assert( zCol );    /* The Z in X.Y.Z cannot be NULL */
  assert( zDb==0 || zTab!=0 );
  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );

  /* Initialize the node to no-match */
  pExpr->iTable = -1;
  ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);

  /* Translate the schema name in zDb into a pointer to the corresponding

    if( pSrcList ){
      for(i=0, pItem=pSrcList->a; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
        u8 hCol;
        pTab = pItem->pTab;
        assert( pTab!=0 && pTab->zName!=0 );
        assert( pTab->nCol>0 || pParse->nErr );
        assert( pItem->fg.isNestedFrom == IsNestedFrom(pItem->pSelect) );
        if( pItem->fg.isNestedFrom ){
          /* In this case, pItem is a subquery that has been formed from a
          ** parenthesized subset of the FROM clause terms.  Example:
          **   .... FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2 RIGHT JOIN t3 USING(x)) USING(y) ...
          **                          \_________________________/
          **             This pItem -------------^
          */
          int hit = 0;
          assert( pItem->pSelect!=0 );
          pEList = pItem->pSelect->pEList;
          assert( pEList!=0 );
          assert( pEList->nExpr==pTab->nCol );
          for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
            if( !sqlite3MatchEName(&pEList->a[j], zCol, zTab, zDb) ){
              continue;
            }
            if( cnt>0 ){
              if( pItem->fg.isUsing==0
               || sqlite3IdListIndex(pItem->u3.pUsing, zCol)<0
              ){
                /* Two or more tables have the same column name which is
                ** not joined by USING.  This is an error.  Signal as much
                ** by clearing pFJMatch and letting cnt go above 1. */
                sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pFJMatch);
                pFJMatch = 0;
              }else
              if( (pItem->fg.jointype & JT_RIGHT)==0 ){
                /* An INNER or LEFT JOIN.  Use the left-most table */
                continue;
              }else
              if( (pItem->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)==0 ){
                /* A RIGHT JOIN.  Use the right-most table */
                cnt = 0;
                sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pFJMatch);
                pFJMatch = 0;
              }else{
                /* For a FULL JOIN, we must construct a coalesce() func */
                extendFJMatch(pParse, &pFJMatch, pMatch, pExpr->iColumn);
              }
            }
            cnt++;
            cntTab = 2;
            pMatch = pItem;
            pExpr->iColumn = j;
            pEList->a[j].bUsed = 1;
            hit = 1;
          }

          if( hit || zTab==0 ) continue;
        }
        assert( zDb==0 || zTab!=0 );
        if( zTab ){
          const char *zTabName;
          if( zDb ){
            if( pTab->pSchema!=pSchema ) continue;
            if( pSchema==0 && strcmp(zDb,"*")!=0 ) continue;
          }

          zTabName = pItem->zAlias ? pItem->zAlias : pTab->zName;
          assert( zTabName!=0 );
          if( sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ){
            continue;
          }
          assert( ExprUseYTab(pExpr) );
          if( IN_RENAME_OBJECT && pItem->zAlias ){
            sqlite3RenameTokenRemap(pParse, 0, (void*)&pExpr->y.pTab);
          }
        }
        hCol = sqlite3StrIHash(zCol);
        for(j=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; j<pTab->nCol; j++, pCol++){
          if( pCol->hName==hCol
           && sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zCnName, zCol)==0
          ){




            if( cnt>0 ){
              if( pItem->fg.isUsing==0
               || sqlite3IdListIndex(pItem->u3.pUsing, zCol)<0
              ){
                /* Two or more tables have the same column name which is
                ** not joined by USING.  This is an error.  Signal as much
                ** by clearing pFJMatch and letting cnt go above 1. */
                sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pFJMatch);
                pFJMatch = 0;
              }else
              if( (pItem->fg.jointype & JT_RIGHT)==0 ){
                /* An INNER or LEFT JOIN.  Use the left-most table */
                continue;
              }else
              if( (pItem->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)==0 ){
                /* A RIGHT JOIN.  Use the right-most table */
                cnt = 0;
                sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pFJMatch);
                pFJMatch = 0;
              }else{
                /* For a FULL JOIN, we must construct a coalesce() func */
                extendFJMatch(pParse, &pFJMatch, pMatch, pExpr->iColumn);
              }
            }
            cnt++;
            pMatch = pItem;
            /* Substitute the rowid (column -1) for the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
            pExpr->iColumn = j==pTab->iPKey ? -1 : (i16)j;
            if( pItem->fg.isNestedFrom ){
              sqlite3SrcItemColumnUsed(pItem, j);
            }
            break;
          }
        }
        if( 0==cnt && VisibleRowid(pTab) ){
          cntTab++;
          pMatch = pItem;
        }
      }
      if( pMatch ){
        pExpr->iTable = pMatch->iCursor;
        assert( ExprUseYTab(pExpr) );
        pExpr->y.pTab = pMatch->pTab;


        if( (pMatch->fg.jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_LTORJ))!=0 ){
          ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_CanBeNull);
        }
        pSchema = pExpr->y.pTab->pSchema;
      }
    } /* if( pSrcList ) */

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_UPSERT)

    }
    if( sqlite3ExprIdToTrueFalse(pExpr) ){
      return WRC_Prune;
    }
  }

  /*
  ** cnt==0 means there was not match.
  ** cnt>1 means there were two or more matches.
  **
  ** cnt==0 is always an error.  cnt>1 is often an error, but might
  ** be multiple matches for a NATURAL LEFT JOIN or a LEFT JOIN USING.
  */
  assert( pFJMatch==0 || cnt>0 );
  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect|EP_IntValue) );
  if( cnt!=1 ){
    const char *zErr;
    if( pFJMatch ){
      if( pFJMatch->nExpr==cnt-1 ){
        if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_Leaf) ){
          ExprClearProperty(pExpr,EP_Leaf);
        }else{
          sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pLeft);
          pExpr->pLeft = 0;
          sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pRight);
          pExpr->pRight = 0;
        }
        extendFJMatch(pParse, &pFJMatch, pMatch, pExpr->iColumn);
        pExpr->op = TK_FUNCTION;
        pExpr->u.zToken = "coalesce";
        pExpr->x.pList = pFJMatch;
        cnt = 1;
        goto lookupname_end;
      }else{
        sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pFJMatch);
        pFJMatch = 0;
      }
    }
    zErr = cnt==0 ? "no such column" : "ambiguous column name";
    if( zDb ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s: %s.%s.%s", zErr, zDb, zTab, zCol);
    }else if( zTab ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s: %s.%s", zErr, zTab, zCol);
    }else{
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s: %s", zErr, zCol);
    }
    sqlite3RecordErrorOffsetOfExpr(pParse->db, pExpr);
    pParse->checkSchema = 1;
    pTopNC->nNcErr++;
  }
  assert( pFJMatch==0 );

  /* Remove all substructure from pExpr */
  if( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr,(EP_TokenOnly|EP_Leaf)) ){
    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pLeft);
    pExpr->pLeft = 0;
    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr->pRight);
    pExpr->pRight = 0;
    ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Leaf);
  }

  /* If a column from a table in pSrcList is referenced, then record
  ** this fact in the pSrcList.a[].colUsed bitmask.  Column 0 causes
  ** bit 0 to be set.  Column 1 sets bit 1.  And so forth.  Bit 63 is
  ** set if the 63rd or any subsequent column is used.
  **
  ** The colUsed mask is an optimization used to help determine if an
  ** index is a covering index.  The correct answer is still obtained
  ** if the mask contains extra set bits.  However, it is important to
  ** avoid setting bits beyond the maximum column number of the table.
  ** (See ticket [b92e5e8ec2cdbaa1]).
  **
  ** If a generated column is referenced, set bits for every column
  ** of the table.
  */
  if( pExpr->iColumn>=0 && pMatch!=0 ){
    pMatch->colUsed |= sqlite3ExprColUsed(pExpr);
  }









  pExpr->op = eNewExprOp;

lookupname_end:
  if( cnt==1 ){
    assert( pNC!=0 );
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
    if( pParse->db->xAuth
     && (pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN || pExpr->op==TK_TRIGGER)
    ){

    sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, p);
  }
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprDelete(sqlite3 *db, Expr *p){
  if( p ) sqlite3ExprDeleteNN(db, p);
}

/*
** Clear both elements of an OnOrUsing object
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ClearOnOrUsing(sqlite3 *db, OnOrUsing *p){
  if( p==0 ){
    /* Nothing to clear */
  }else if( p->pOn ){
    sqlite3ExprDeleteNN(db, p->pOn);
  }else if( p->pUsing ){
    sqlite3IdListDelete(db, p->pUsing);
  }
}

/*
** Arrange to cause pExpr to be deleted when the pParse is deleted.
** This is similar to sqlite3ExprDelete() except that the delete is
** deferred untilthe pParse is deleted.
**
** The pExpr might be deleted immediately on an OOM error.

      }
    }
    pItem->zEName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zEName);
    pItem->sortFlags = pOldItem->sortFlags;
    pItem->eEName = pOldItem->eEName;
    pItem->done = 0;
    pItem->bNulls = pOldItem->bNulls;
    pItem->bUsed = pOldItem->bUsed;
    pItem->bSorterRef = pOldItem->bSorterRef;
    pItem->u = pOldItem->u;
  }
  return pNew;
}

/*

          sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pOldItem->u1.pFuncArg, flags);
    }
    pTab = pNewItem->pTab = pOldItem->pTab;
    if( pTab ){
      pTab->nTabRef++;
    }
    pNewItem->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pOldItem->pSelect, flags);
    if( pOldItem->fg.isUsing ){
      assert( pNewItem->fg.isUsing );
      pNewItem->u3.pUsing = sqlite3IdListDup(db, pOldItem->u3.pUsing);
    }else{
      pNewItem->u3.pOn = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOldItem->u3.pOn, flags);
    }
    pNewItem->colUsed = pOldItem->colUsed;
  }
  return pNew;
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListDup(sqlite3 *db, const IdList *p){
  IdList *pNew;
  int i;
  assert( db!=0 );
  if( p==0 ) return 0;
  assert( p->eU4!=EU4_EXPR );
  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRawNN(db, sizeof(*pNew)+(p->nId-1)*sizeof(p->a[0]) );
  if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
  pNew->nId = p->nId;

  pNew->eU4 = p->eU4;






  for(i=0; i<p->nId; i++){
    struct IdList_item *pNewItem = &pNew->a[i];
    const struct IdList_item *pOldItem = &p->a[i];
    pNewItem->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zName);
    pNewItem->u4 = pOldItem->u4;
  }
  return pNew;
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectDup(sqlite3 *db, const Select *pDup, int flags){
  Select *pRet = 0;
  Select *pNext = 0;
  Select **pp = &pRet;

** contain a bound parameter because they were generated by older versions
** of SQLite to be parsed by newer versions of SQLite without raising a
** malformed schema error.
*/
static int exprNodeIsConstant(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){

  /* If pWalker->eCode is 2 then any term of the expression that comes from
  ** the ON or USING clauses of an outer join disqualifies the expression
  ** from being considered constant. */
  if( pWalker->eCode==2 && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
    pWalker->eCode = 0;
    return WRC_Abort;
  }

  switch( pExpr->op ){

  }
  if( addrOnce ){
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrOnce);
    /* Subroutine return */
    assert( ExprUseYSub(pExpr) );
    assert( sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v,pExpr->y.sub.iAddr-1)->opcode==OP_BeginSubrtn
            || pParse->nErr );
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Return, pExpr->y.sub.regReturn,
                      pExpr->y.sub.iAddr, 1);
    VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3ClearTempRegCache(pParse);
  }
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */

/*
** Generate code for scalar subqueries used as a subquery expression

    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrOnce);
  }

  /* Subroutine return */
  assert( ExprUseYSub(pExpr) );
  assert( sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v,pExpr->y.sub.iAddr-1)->opcode==OP_BeginSubrtn
          || pParse->nErr );
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Return, pExpr->y.sub.regReturn,
                    pExpr->y.sub.iAddr, 1);
  VdbeCoverage(v);
  sqlite3ClearTempRegCache(pParse);
  return rReg;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
/*

  assert( v!=0 );
  if( pTab==0 ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTabCur, iCol, regOut);
    return;
  }
  if( iCol<0 || iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iTabCur, regOut);
    VdbeComment((v, "%s.rowid", pTab->zName));
  }else{
    int op;
    int x;
    if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
      op = OP_VColumn;
      x = iCol;
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_GENERATED_COLUMNS

      }else{
        return sqlite3CodeSubselect(pParse, pExpr);
      }
      break;
    }
    case TK_SELECT_COLUMN: {
      int n;
      Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
      if( pLeft->iTable==0 || pParse->withinRJSubrtn > pLeft->op2 ){
        pLeft->iTable = sqlite3CodeSubselect(pParse, pLeft);
        pLeft->op2 = pParse->withinRJSubrtn;
      }
      assert( pLeft->op==TK_SELECT || pLeft->op==TK_ERROR );
      n = sqlite3ExprVectorSize(pLeft);
      if( pExpr->iTable!=n ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%d columns assigned %d values",
                                pExpr->iTable, n);
      }
      return pLeft->iTable + pExpr->iColumn;
    }
    case TK_IN: {
      int destIfFalse = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
      int destIfNull = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, target);
      sqlite3ExprCodeIN(pParse, pExpr, destIfFalse, destIfNull);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, target);

** zero even if expression p will never be true of every column of iTab
** is NULL.  A false negative is merely a missed optimization opportunity.
**
** False positives are not allowed, however.  A false positive may result
** in an incorrect answer.
**
** Terms of p that are marked with EP_FromJoin (and hence that come from
** the ON or USING clauses of OUTER JOINS) are excluded from the analysis.
**
** This routine is used to check if a LEFT JOIN can be converted into
** an ordinary JOIN.  The p argument is the WHERE clause.  If the WHERE
** clause requires that some column of the right table of the LEFT JOIN
** be non-NULL, then the LEFT JOIN can be safely converted into an
** ordinary join.
*/

/*
** Unmap all tokens in the IdList object passed as the second argument.
*/
static void unmapColumnIdlistNames(
  Parse *pParse,
  const IdList *pIdList
){

  int ii;
  assert( pIdList!=0 );
  for(ii=0; ii<pIdList->nId; ii++){
    sqlite3RenameTokenRemap(pParse, 0, (const void*)pIdList->a[ii].zName);

  }
}

/*
** Walker callback used by sqlite3RenameExprUnmap().
*/
static int renameUnmapSelectCb(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){

      }
    }
  }
  if( ALWAYS(p->pSrc) ){  /* Every Select as a SrcList, even if it is empty */
    SrcList *pSrc = p->pSrc;
    for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc; i++){
      sqlite3RenameTokenRemap(pParse, 0, (void*)pSrc->a[i].zName);
      if( pSrc->a[i].fg.isUsing==0 ){
        sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pSrc->a[i].u3.pOn);
      }else{
        unmapColumnIdlistNames(pParse, pSrc->a[i].u3.pUsing);
      }
    }
  }

  renameWalkWith(pWalker, p);
  return WRC_Continue;
}

        pItem->zDatabase = 0;
        pItem->fg.notCte = 1;
      }
      pItem->pSchema = pFix->pSchema;
      pItem->fg.fromDDL = 1;
    }
#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
    if( pList->a[i].fg.isUsing==0
     && sqlite3WalkExpr(&pFix->w, pList->a[i].u3.pOn)
    ){
      return WRC_Abort;
    }
#endif
  }
  if( pSelect->pWith ){
    for(i=0; i<pSelect->pWith->nCte; i++){
      if( sqlite3WalkSelect(p, pSelect->pWith->a[i].pSelect) ){
        return WRC_Abort;
      }

*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListAppend(Parse *pParse, IdList *pList, Token *pToken){
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  int i;
  if( pList==0 ){
    pList = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(IdList) );
    if( pList==0 ) return 0;
  }else{


    IdList *pNew;
    pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pList,
                 sizeof(IdList) + pList->nId*sizeof(pList->a));


    if( pNew==0 ){
      sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pList);
      return 0;
    }
    pList = pNew;
  }
  i = pList->nId++;
  pList->a[i].zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pToken);
  if( IN_RENAME_OBJECT && pList->a[i].zName ){
    sqlite3RenameTokenMap(pParse, (void*)pList->a[i].zName, pToken);
  }
  return pList;
}

/*
** Delete an IdList.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3IdListDelete(sqlite3 *db, IdList *pList){
  int i;
  if( pList==0 ) return;
  assert( pList->eU4!=EU4_EXPR ); /* EU4_EXPR mode is not currently used */
  for(i=0; i<pList->nId; i++){
    sqlite3DbFree(db, pList->a[i].zName);
  }

  sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, pList);
}

/*
** Return the index in pList of the identifier named zId.  Return -1
** if not found.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IdListIndex(IdList *pList, const char *zName){
  int i;
  assert( pList!=0 );
  for(i=0; i<pList->nId; i++){
    if( sqlite3StrICmp(pList->a[i].zName, zName)==0 ) return i;
  }
  return -1;
}

/*

    if( pItem->zDatabase ) sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, pItem->zDatabase);
    sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->zName);
    if( pItem->zAlias ) sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, pItem->zAlias);
    if( pItem->fg.isIndexedBy ) sqlite3DbFree(db, pItem->u1.zIndexedBy);
    if( pItem->fg.isTabFunc ) sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pItem->u1.pFuncArg);
    sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pItem->pTab);
    if( pItem->pSelect ) sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pItem->pSelect);
    if( pItem->fg.isUsing ){
      sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pItem->u3.pUsing);
    }else if( pItem->u3.pOn ){
      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pItem->u3.pOn);
    }
  }
  sqlite3DbFreeNN(db, pList);
}

/*
** This routine is called by the parser to add a new term to the
** end of a growing FROM clause.  The "p" parameter is the part of

SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(
  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
  SrcList *p,             /* The left part of the FROM clause already seen */
  Token *pTable,          /* Name of the table to add to the FROM clause */
  Token *pDatabase,       /* Name of the database containing pTable */
  Token *pAlias,          /* The right-hand side of the AS subexpression */
  Select *pSubquery,      /* A subquery used in place of a table name */

  OnOrUsing *pOnUsing     /* Either the ON clause or the USING clause */
){
  SrcItem *pItem;
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  if( !p && pOnUsing!=0 && (pOnUsing->pOn || pOnUsing->pUsing) ){
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "a JOIN clause is required before %s",
      (pOnUsing->pOn ? "ON" : "USING")
    );
    goto append_from_error;
  }
  p = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse, p, pTable, pDatabase);
  if( p==0 ){
    goto append_from_error;
  }
  assert( p->nSrc>0 );
  pItem = &p->a[p->nSrc-1];
  assert( (pTable==0)==(pDatabase==0) );
  assert( pItem->zName==0 || pDatabase!=0 );
  if( IN_RENAME_OBJECT && pItem->zName ){
    Token *pToken = (ALWAYS(pDatabase) && pDatabase->z) ? pDatabase : pTable;
    sqlite3RenameTokenMap(pParse, pItem->zName, pToken);
  }
  assert( pAlias!=0 );
  if( pAlias->n ){
    pItem->zAlias = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pAlias);
  }
  if( pSubquery ){
    pItem->pSelect = pSubquery;
    if( pSubquery->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom ){
      pItem->fg.isNestedFrom = 1;
    }
  }
  assert( pOnUsing==0 || pOnUsing->pOn==0 || pOnUsing->pUsing==0 );
  assert( pItem->fg.isUsing==0 );
  if( pOnUsing==0 ){
    pItem->u3.pOn = 0;
  }else if( pOnUsing->pUsing ){
    pItem->fg.isUsing = 1;
    pItem->u3.pUsing = pOnUsing->pUsing;
  }else{
    pItem->u3.pOn = pOnUsing->pOn;
  }
  return p;

append_from_error:
  assert( p==0 );
  sqlite3ClearOnOrUsing(db, pOnUsing);

  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSubquery);
  return 0;
}

/*
** Add an INDEXED BY or NOT INDEXED clause to the most recently added
** element of the source-list passed as the second argument.

    SrcList *pNew = sqlite3SrcListEnlarge(pParse, p1, p2->nSrc, 1);
    if( pNew==0 ){
      sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, p2);
    }else{
      p1 = pNew;
      memcpy(&p1->a[1], p2->a, p2->nSrc*sizeof(SrcItem));
      sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, p2);
      p1->a[0].fg.jointype |= (JT_LTORJ & p1->a[1].fg.jointype);
    }
  }
  return p1;
}

/*
** Add the list of function arguments to the SrcList entry for a

** Example: Suppose the join is like this:
**
**           A natural cross join B
**
** The operator is "natural cross join".  The A and B operands are stored
** in p->a[0] and p->a[1], respectively.  The parser initially stores the
** operator with A.  This routine shifts that operator over to B.
**
** Additional changes:
**
**   *   All tables to the left of the right-most RIGHT JOIN are tagged with
**       JT_LTORJ (mnemonic: Left Table Of Right Join) so that the
**       code generator can easily tell that the table is part of
**       the left operand of at least one RIGHT JOIN.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(Parse *pParse, SrcList *p){
  (void)pParse;
  if( p && p->nSrc>1 ){

    int i = p->nSrc-1;
    u8 allFlags = 0;
    do{
      allFlags |= p->a[i].fg.jointype = p->a[i-1].fg.jointype;
    }while( (--i)>0 );
    p->a[0].fg.jointype = 0;

    /* All terms to the left of a RIGHT JOIN should be tagged with the
    ** JT_LTORJ flags */
    if( allFlags & JT_RIGHT ){
      for(i=p->nSrc-1; ALWAYS(i>0) && (p->a[i].fg.jointype&JT_RIGHT)==0; i--){}
      i--;
      assert( i>=0 );
      do{
        p->a[i].fg.jointype |= JT_LTORJ;
      }while( (--i)>=0 );
    }
  }
}

/*
** Generate VDBE code for a BEGIN statement.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginTransaction(Parse *pParse, int type){

  int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pView->pSchema);
  pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, 0);
  pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse, 0, 0, 0);
  if( pFrom ){
    assert( pFrom->nSrc==1 );
    pFrom->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pView->zName);
    pFrom->a[0].zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, db->aDb[iDb].zDbSName);
    assert( pFrom->a[0].fg.isUsing==0 );
    assert( pFrom->a[0].u3.pOn==0 );
  }
  pSel = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0, pFrom, pWhere, 0, 0, pOrderBy,
                          SF_IncludeHidden, pLimit);
  sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_EphemTab, iCur);
  sqlite3Select(pParse, pSel, &dest);
  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSel);
}

  assert( db->pParse==pParse );
  if( pParse->nErr ){
    goto delete_from_cleanup;
  }
  assert( db->mallocFailed==0 );
  assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );


  /* Locate the table which we want to delete.  This table has to be
  ** put in an SrcList structure because some of the subroutines we
  ** will be calling are designed to work with multiple tables and expect
  ** an SrcList* parameter instead of just a Table* parameter.
  */
  pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTabList);
  if( pTab==0 )  goto delete_from_cleanup;

# define isView 0
#endif
  bComplex = pTrigger || sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0);
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
# undef isView
# define isView 0
#endif

#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x10000 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(0, "In sqlite3Delete() at %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
    sqlite3TreeViewDelete(pParse->pWith, pTabList, pWhere,
                          pOrderBy, pLimit, pTrigger);
  }
#endif

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT
  if( !isView ){
    pWhere = sqlite3LimitWhere(
        pParse, pTabList, pWhere, pOrderBy, pLimit, "DELETE"
    );
    pOrderBy = 0;

      sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, iOk);
      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-2);
      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iMustBeInt);
      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regTemp);
    }else{
      int nCol = pFKey->nCol;
      int regTemp = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol);


      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
      sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy,
               sqlite3TableColumnToStorage(pFKey->pFrom, aiCol[i])+1+regData,
               regTemp+i);

          }
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iChild, iJump, iParent); VdbeCoverage(v);
          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
        }
        sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, iOk);
      }

      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, regTemp, nCol, 0,
                        sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(pParse->db,pIdx), nCol);
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iCur, iOk, regTemp, nCol);
      VdbeCoverage(v);

      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regTemp, nCol);
    }
  }

  if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !(pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs)
   && !pParse->pToplevel
   && !pParse->isMultiWrite

** The code generated by this function scans through the rows in the child
** table that correspond to the parent table row being deleted or inserted.
** For each child row found, one of the following actions is taken:
**
**   Operation | FK type   | Action taken
**   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
**   DELETE      immediate   Increment the "immediate constraint counter".


**
**   INSERT      immediate   Decrement the "immediate constraint counter".
**
**   DELETE      deferred    Increment the "deferred constraint counter".


**
**   INSERT      deferred    Decrement the "deferred constraint counter".
**
** These operations are identified in the comment at the top of this file
** (fkey.c) as "I.2" and "D.2".
*/
static void fkScanChildren(

** compiled on table pTab, which is the parent table of foreign-key pFKey.
** If the current operation is an UPDATE, then the pChanges parameter is
** passed a pointer to the list of columns being modified. If it is a
** DELETE, pChanges is passed a NULL pointer.
**
** It returns a pointer to a Trigger structure containing a trigger
** equivalent to the ON UPDATE or ON DELETE action specified by pFKey.
** If the action is "NO ACTION" then a NULL pointer is returned (these actions
** require no special handling by the triggers sub-system, code for them is
** created by fkScanChildren()).
**
** For example, if pFKey is the foreign key and pTab is table "p" in
** the following schema:
**
**   CREATE TABLE p(pk PRIMARY KEY);
**   CREATE TABLE c(ck REFERENCES p ON DELETE CASCADE);
**

    }
    sqlite3DbFree(db, aiCol);

    zFrom = pFKey->pFrom->zName;
    nFrom = sqlite3Strlen30(zFrom);

    if( action==OE_Restrict ){
      int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
      Token tFrom;
      Token tDb;
      Expr *pRaise;

      tFrom.z = zFrom;
      tFrom.n = nFrom;
      tDb.z = db->aDb[iDb].zDbSName;
      tDb.n = sqlite3Strlen30(tDb.z);

      pRaise = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_RAISE, "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed");
      if( pRaise ){
        pRaise->affExpr = OE_Abort;
      }
      pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,
          sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, pRaise),
          sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse, 0, &tDb, &tFrom),
          pWhere,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0
      );
      pWhere = 0;
    }

    /* Disable lookaside memory allocation */

# define isView 0
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
# undef isView
# define isView 0
#endif
  assert( (pTrigger && tmask) || (pTrigger==0 && tmask==0) );

#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x10000 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(0, "In sqlite3Insert() at %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
    sqlite3TreeViewInsert(pParse->pWith, pTabList, pColumn, pSelect, pList,
                          onError, pUpsert, pTrigger);
  }
#endif

  /* If pTab is really a view, make sure it has been initialized.
  ** ViewGetColumnNames() is a no-op if pTab is not a view.
  */
  if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
    goto insert_cleanup;
  }

  ** bIdListInOrder is true if the columns in IDLIST are in storage
  ** order.  This enables an optimization that avoids shuffling the
  ** columns into storage order.  False negatives are harmless,
  ** but false positives will cause database corruption.
  */
  bIdListInOrder = (pTab->tabFlags & (TF_OOOHidden|TF_HasStored))==0;
  if( pColumn ){
    assert( pColumn->eU4!=EU4_EXPR );
    pColumn->eU4 = EU4_IDX;
    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
      pColumn->a[i].u4.idx = -1;
    }
    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
      for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColumn->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[j].zCnName)==0 ){
          pColumn->a[i].u4.idx = j;
          if( i!=j ) bIdListInOrder = 0;
          if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
            ipkColumn = i;  assert( !withoutRowid );
          }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_GENERATED_COLUMNS
          if( pTab->aCol[j].colFlags & (COLFLAG_STORED|COLFLAG_VIRTUAL) ){
            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,

        sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(pParse,
            sqlite3ColumnExpr(pTab, &pTab->aCol[i]),
            iRegStore);
        continue;
      }
    }
    if( pColumn ){
      assert( pColumn->eU4==EU4_IDX );
      for(j=0; j<pColumn->nId && pColumn->a[j].u4.idx!=i; j++){}
      if( j>=pColumn->nId ){
        /* A column not named in the insert column list gets its
        ** default value */
        sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(pParse,
            sqlite3ColumnExpr(pTab, &pTab->aCol[i]),
            iRegStore);
        continue;

    Table *pParent;        /* Parent table that child points to */
    Index *pIdx;           /* Index in the parent table */
    int i;                 /* Loop counter:  Foreign key number for pTab */
    int j;                 /* Loop counter:  Field of the foreign key */
    HashElem *k;           /* Loop counter:  Next table in schema */
    int x;                 /* result variable */
    int regResult;         /* 3 registers to hold a result row */

    int regRow;            /* Registers to hold a row from pTab */
    int addrTop;           /* Top of a loop checking foreign keys */
    int addrOk;            /* Jump here if the key is OK */
    int *aiCols;           /* child to parent column mapping */

    regResult = pParse->nMem+1;
    pParse->nMem += 4;

    regRow = ++pParse->nMem;
    k = sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->tblHash);
    while( k ){
      if( zRight ){
        pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, zRight, zDb);
        k = 0;
      }else{

          sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, 0, iCol, regRow+j);
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRow+j, addrOk); VdbeCoverage(v);
        }

        /* Generate code to query the parent index for a matching parent
        ** key. If a match is found, jump to addrOk. */
        if( pIdx ){
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, regRow, pFK->nCol, 0,
              sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(db,pIdx), pFK->nCol);
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, i, addrOk, regRow, pFK->nCol);
          VdbeCoverage(v);
        }else if( pParent ){
          int jmp = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2;
          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SeekRowid, i, jmp, regRow); VdbeCoverage(v);
          sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, addrOk);
          assert( pFK->nCol==1 || db->mallocFailed );
        }

**     JT_LEFT
**     JT_RIGHT
**
** A full outer join is the combination of JT_LEFT and JT_RIGHT.
**
** If an illegal or unsupported join type is seen, then still return
** a join type, but put an error in the pParse structure.
**
** These are the valid join types:
**
**
**      pA       pB       pC               Return Value
**     -------  -----    -----             ------------
**     CROSS      -        -                 JT_CROSS
**     INNER      -        -                 JT_INNER
**     LEFT       -        -                 JT_LEFT|JT_OUTER
**     LEFT     OUTER      -                 JT_LEFT|JT_OUTER
**     RIGHT      -        -                 JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER
**     RIGHT    OUTER      -                 JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER
**     FULL       -        -                 JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER
**     FULL     OUTER      -                 JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER
**     NATURAL  INNER      -                 JT_NATURAL|JT_INNER
**     NATURAL  LEFT       -                 JT_NATURAL|JT_LEFT|JT_OUTER
**     NATURAL  LEFT     OUTER               JT_NATURAL|JT_LEFT|JT_OUTER
**     NATURAL  RIGHT      -                 JT_NATURAL|JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER
**     NATURAL  RIGHT    OUTER               JT_NATURAL|JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER
**     NATURAL  FULL       -                 JT_NATURAL|JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT
**     NATURAL  FULL     OUTER               JT_NATRUAL|JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT
**
** To preserve historical compatibly, SQLite also accepts a variety
** of other non-standard and in many cases non-sensical join types.
** This routine makes as much sense at it can from the nonsense join
** type and returns a result.  Examples of accepted nonsense join types
** include but are not limited to:
**
**          INNER CROSS JOIN        ->   same as JOIN
**          NATURAL CROSS JOIN      ->   same as NATURAL JOIN
**          OUTER LEFT JOIN         ->   same as LEFT JOIN
**          LEFT NATURAL JOIN       ->   same as NATURAL LEFT JOIN
**          LEFT RIGHT JOIN         ->   same as FULL JOIN
**          RIGHT OUTER FULL JOIN   ->   same as FULL JOIN
**          CROSS CROSS CROSS JOIN  ->   same as JOIN
**
** The only restrictions on the join type name are:
**
**    *   "INNER" cannot appear together with "OUTER", "LEFT", "RIGHT",
**        or "FULL".
**
**    *   "CROSS" cannot appear together with "OUTER", "LEFT", "RIGHT,
**        or "FULL".
**
**    *   If "OUTER" is present then there must also be one of
**        "LEFT", "RIGHT", or "FULL"
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JoinType(Parse *pParse, Token *pA, Token *pB, Token *pC){
  int jointype = 0;
  Token *apAll[3];
  Token *p;
                             /*   0123456789 123456789 123456789 123 */
  static const char zKeyText[] = "naturaleftouterightfullinnercross";
  static const struct {
    u8 i;        /* Beginning of keyword text in zKeyText[] */
    u8 nChar;    /* Length of the keyword in characters */
    u8 code;     /* Join type mask */
  } aKeyword[] = {
    /* (0) natural */ { 0,  7, JT_NATURAL                },
    /* (1) left    */ { 6,  4, JT_LEFT|JT_OUTER          },
    /* (2) outer   */ { 10, 5, JT_OUTER                  },
    /* (3) right   */ { 14, 5, JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER         },
    /* (4) full    */ { 19, 4, JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT|JT_OUTER },
    /* (5) inner   */ { 23, 5, JT_INNER                  },
    /* (6) cross   */ { 28, 5, JT_INNER|JT_CROSS         },
  };
  int i, j;
  apAll[0] = pA;
  apAll[1] = pB;
  apAll[2] = pC;
  for(i=0; i<3 && apAll[i]; i++){
    p = apAll[i];

    if( j>=ArraySize(aKeyword) ){
      jointype |= JT_ERROR;
      break;
    }
  }
  if(
     (jointype & (JT_INNER|JT_OUTER))==(JT_INNER|JT_OUTER) ||
     (jointype & JT_ERROR)!=0 ||
     (jointype & (JT_OUTER|JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT))==JT_OUTER
  ){
    const char *zSp1 = " ";
    const char *zSp2 = " ";
    if( pB==0 ){ zSp1++; }
    if( pC==0 ){ zSp2++; }
    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown join type: "
       "%T%s%T%s%T", pA, zSp1, pB, zSp2, pC);





    jointype = JT_INNER;
  }
  return jointype;
}

/*
** Return the index of a column in a table.  Return -1 if the column
** is not contained in the table.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ColumnIndex(Table *pTab, const char *zCol){
  int i;
  u8 h = sqlite3StrIHash(zCol);
  Column *pCol;
  for(pCol=pTab->aCol, i=0; i<pTab->nCol; pCol++, i++){
    if( pCol->hName==h && sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zCnName, zCol)==0 ) return i;
  }
  return -1;
}

/*
** Mark a subquery result column as having been used.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcItemColumnUsed(SrcItem *pItem, int iCol){
  assert( pItem!=0 );
  assert( pItem->fg.isNestedFrom == IsNestedFrom(pItem->pSelect) );
  if( pItem->fg.isNestedFrom ){
    ExprList *pResults;
    assert( pItem->pSelect!=0 );
    pResults = pItem->pSelect->pEList;
    assert( pResults!=0 );
    assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pResults->nExpr );
    pResults->a[iCol].bUsed = 1;
  }
}

/*
** Search the tables iStart..iEnd (inclusive) in pSrc, looking for a
** table that has a column named zCol.  The search is left-to-right.
** The first match found is returned.
**
** When found, set *piTab and *piCol to the table index and column index
** of the matching column and return TRUE.
**
** If not found, return FALSE.
*/
static int tableAndColumnIndex(
  SrcList *pSrc,       /* Array of tables to search */
  int iStart,          /* First member of pSrc->a[] to check */
  int iEnd,            /* Last member of pSrc->a[] to check */
  const char *zCol,    /* Name of the column we are looking for */
  int *piTab,          /* Write index of pSrc->a[] here */
  int *piCol,          /* Write index of pSrc->a[*piTab].pTab->aCol[] here */
  int bIgnoreHidden    /* Ignore hidden columns */
){
  int i;               /* For looping over tables in pSrc */
  int iCol;            /* Index of column matching zCol */

  assert( iEnd<pSrc->nSrc );
  assert( iStart>=0 );
  assert( (piTab==0)==(piCol==0) );  /* Both or neither are NULL */

  for(i=iStart; i<=iEnd; i++){
    iCol = sqlite3ColumnIndex(pSrc->a[i].pTab, zCol);
    if( iCol>=0
     && (bIgnoreHidden==0 || IsHiddenColumn(&pSrc->a[i].pTab->aCol[iCol])==0)
    ){
      if( piTab ){
        sqlite3SrcItemColumnUsed(&pSrc->a[i], iCol);
        *piTab = i;
        *piCol = iCol;
      }
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*















































** Set the EP_FromJoin property on all terms of the given expression.
** And set the Expr.w.iJoin to iTable for every term in the
** expression.
**
** The EP_FromJoin property is used on terms of an expression to tell
** the OUTER JOIN processing logic that this term is part of the
** join restriction specified in the ON or USING clause and not a part
** of the more general WHERE clause.  These terms are moved over to the
** WHERE clause during join processing but we need to remember that they
** originated in the ON or USING clause.
**
** The Expr.w.iJoin tells the WHERE clause processing that the
** expression depends on table w.iJoin even if that table is not
** explicitly mentioned in the expression.  That information is needed
** for cases like this:
**
**    SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.b AND t1.x=5
**
** The where clause needs to defer the handling of the t1.x=5
** term until after the t2 loop of the join.  In that way, a
** NULL t2 row will be inserted whenever t1.x!=5.  If we do not
** defer the handling of t1.x=5, it will be processed immediately
** after the t1 loop and rows with t1.x!=5 will never appear in
** the output, which is incorrect.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SetJoinExpr(Expr *p, int iTable, u32 joinFlag){
  assert( joinFlag==EP_FromJoin || joinFlag==EP_InnerJoin );
  while( p ){
    ExprSetProperty(p, joinFlag);
    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
    ExprSetVVAProperty(p, EP_NoReduce);
    p->w.iJoin = iTable;
    if( p->op==TK_FUNCTION ){
      assert( ExprUseXList(p) );
      if( p->x.pList ){
        int i;
        for(i=0; i<p->x.pList->nExpr; i++){
          sqlite3SetJoinExpr(p->x.pList->a[i].pExpr, iTable, joinFlag);
        }
      }
    }
    sqlite3SetJoinExpr(p->pLeft, iTable, joinFlag);
    p = p->pRight;
  }
}

/* Undo the work of sqlite3SetJoinExpr(). In the expression p, convert every
** term that is marked with EP_FromJoin and w.iJoin==iTable into
** an ordinary term that omits the EP_FromJoin mark.
**
** This happens when a LEFT JOIN is simplified into an ordinary JOIN.
*/
static void unsetJoinExpr(Expr *p, int iTable){
  while( p ){
    if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin)
     && (iTable<0 || p->w.iJoin==iTable) ){
      ExprClearProperty(p, EP_FromJoin);
      ExprSetProperty(p, EP_InnerJoin);
    }
    if( p->op==TK_COLUMN && p->iTable==iTable ){
      ExprClearProperty(p, EP_CanBeNull);
    }
    if( p->op==TK_FUNCTION ){
      assert( ExprUseXList(p) );
      if( p->x.pList ){
        int i;
        for(i=0; i<p->x.pList->nExpr; i++){
          unsetJoinExpr(p->x.pList->a[i].pExpr, iTable);
        }
      }
    }
    unsetJoinExpr(p->pLeft, iTable);
    p = p->pRight;
  }
}

/*
** This routine processes the join information for a SELECT statement.
**
**   *  A NATURAL join is converted into a USING join.  After that, we
**      do not need to be concerned with NATURAL joins and we only have
**      think about USING joins.
**
**   *  ON and USING clauses result in extra terms being added to the
**      WHERE clause to enforce the specified constraints.  The extra
**      WHERE clause terms will be tagged with EP_FromJoin or
**      EP_InnerJoin so that we know that they originated in ON/USING.
**
** The terms of a FROM clause are contained in the Select.pSrc structure.
** The left most table is the first entry in Select.pSrc.  The right-most
** table is the last entry.  The join operator is held in the entry to
** the right.  Thus entry 1 contains the join operator for the join between
** entries 0 and 1.  Any ON or USING clauses associated with the join are
** also attached to the right entry.
**
** This routine returns the number of errors encountered.
*/
static int sqlite3ProcessJoin(Parse *pParse, Select *p){
  SrcList *pSrc;                  /* All tables in the FROM clause */
  int i, j;                       /* Loop counters */
  SrcItem *pLeft;                 /* Left table being joined */
  SrcItem *pRight;                /* Right table being joined */

  pSrc = p->pSrc;
  pLeft = &pSrc->a[0];
  pRight = &pLeft[1];
  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc-1; i++, pRight++, pLeft++){
    Table *pRightTab = pRight->pTab;
    u32 joinType;

    if( NEVER(pLeft->pTab==0 || pRightTab==0) ) continue;
    joinType = (pRight->fg.jointype & JT_OUTER)!=0 ? EP_FromJoin : EP_InnerJoin;

    /* If this is a NATURAL join, synthesize an approprate USING clause
    ** to specify which columns should be joined.
    */
    if( pRight->fg.jointype & JT_NATURAL ){
      IdList *pUsing = 0;
      if( pRight->fg.isUsing || pRight->u3.pOn ){
        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "a NATURAL join may not have "
           "an ON or USING clause", 0);
        return 1;
      }
      for(j=0; j<pRightTab->nCol; j++){
        char *zName;   /* Name of column in the right table */



        if( IsHiddenColumn(&pRightTab->aCol[j]) ) continue;
        zName = pRightTab->aCol[j].zCnName;
        if( tableAndColumnIndex(pSrc, 0, i, zName, 0, 0, 1) ){
          pUsing = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse, pUsing, 0);
          if( pUsing ){
            assert( pUsing->nId>0 );
            assert( pUsing->a[pUsing->nId-1].zName==0 );
            pUsing->a[pUsing->nId-1].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db, zName);
          }
        }
      }
      if( pUsing ){


        pRight->fg.isUsing = 1;


        pRight->fg.isSynthUsing = 1;
        pRight->u3.pUsing = pUsing;
      }
      if( pParse->nErr ) return 1;







    }

    /* Create extra terms on the WHERE clause for each column named
    ** in the USING clause.  Example: If the two tables to be joined are
    ** A and B and the USING clause names X, Y, and Z, then add this
    ** to the WHERE clause:    A.X=B.X AND A.Y=B.Y AND A.Z=B.Z
    ** Report an error if any column mentioned in the USING clause is
    ** not contained in both tables to be joined.
    */
    if( pRight->fg.isUsing ){
      IdList *pList = pRight->u3.pUsing;
      sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
      assert( pList!=0 );
      for(j=0; j<pList->nId; j++){
        char *zName;     /* Name of the term in the USING clause */
        int iLeft;       /* Table on the left with matching column name */
        int iLeftCol;    /* Column number of matching column on the left */
        int iRightCol;   /* Column number of matching column on the right */
        Expr *pE1;       /* Reference to the column on the LEFT of the join */
        Expr *pE2;       /* Reference to the column on the RIGHT of the join */
        Expr *pEq;       /* Equality constraint.  pE1 == pE2 */

        zName = pList->a[j].zName;
        iRightCol = sqlite3ColumnIndex(pRightTab, zName);
        if( iRightCol<0
         || tableAndColumnIndex(pSrc, 0, i, zName, &iLeft, &iLeftCol,
                                pRight->fg.isSynthUsing)==0
        ){
          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot join using column %s - column "
            "not present in both tables", zName);
          return 1;
        }
        pE1 = sqlite3CreateColumnExpr(db, pSrc, iLeft, iLeftCol);
        sqlite3SrcItemColumnUsed(&pSrc->a[iLeft], iLeftCol);
        if( (pSrc->a[0].fg.jointype & JT_LTORJ)!=0 ){
          /* This branch runs if the query contains one or more RIGHT or FULL
          ** JOINs.  If only a single table on the left side of this join
          ** contains the zName column, then this branch is a no-op.
          ** But if there are two or more tables on the left side
          ** of the join, construct a coalesce() function that gathers all
          ** such tables.  Raise an error if more than one of those references
          ** to zName is not also within a prior USING clause.
          **
          ** We really ought to raise an error if there are two or more
          ** non-USING references to zName on the left of an INNER or LEFT
          ** JOIN.  But older versions of SQLite do not do that, so we avoid
          ** adding a new error so as to not break legacy applications.
          */
          ExprList *pFuncArgs = 0;   /* Arguments to the coalesce() */
          static const Token tkCoalesce = { "coalesce", 8 };
          while( tableAndColumnIndex(pSrc, iLeft+1, i, zName, &iLeft, &iLeftCol,
                                     pRight->fg.isSynthUsing)!=0 ){
            if( pSrc->a[iLeft].fg.isUsing==0
             || sqlite3IdListIndex(pSrc->a[iLeft].u3.pUsing, zName)<0
            ){
              sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "ambiguous reference to %s in USING()",
                              zName);
              break;
            }
            pFuncArgs = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pFuncArgs, pE1);
            pE1 = sqlite3CreateColumnExpr(db, pSrc, iLeft, iLeftCol);
            sqlite3SrcItemColumnUsed(&pSrc->a[iLeft], iLeftCol);
          }
          if( pFuncArgs ){
            pFuncArgs = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pFuncArgs, pE1);
            pE1 = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pFuncArgs, &tkCoalesce, 0);
          }
        }
        pE2 = sqlite3CreateColumnExpr(db, pSrc, i+1, iRightCol);
        sqlite3SrcItemColumnUsed(pRight, iRightCol);
        pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, pE1, pE2);
        assert( pE2!=0 || pEq==0 );
        if( pEq ){
          ExprSetProperty(pEq, joinType);
          assert( !ExprHasProperty(pEq, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
          ExprSetVVAProperty(pEq, EP_NoReduce);
          pEq->w.iJoin = pE2->iTable;
        }
        p->pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse, p->pWhere, pEq);
      }
    }

    /* Add the ON clause to the end of the WHERE clause, connected by
    ** an AND operator.
    */
    else if( pRight->u3.pOn ){
      sqlite3SetJoinExpr(pRight->u3.pOn, pRight->iCursor, joinType);
      p->pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse, p->pWhere, pRight->u3.pOn);
      pRight->u3.pOn = 0;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** An instance of this object holds information (beyond pParse and pSelect)
** needed to load the next result row that is to be added to the sorter.

    aCol = 0;
  }
  assert( nCol==(i16)nCol );
  *pnCol = nCol;
  *paCol = aCol;

  for(i=0, pCol=aCol; i<nCol && !db->mallocFailed; i++, pCol++){
    struct ExprList_item *pX = &pEList->a[i];
    /* Get an appropriate name for the column
    */
    if( (zName = pX->zEName)!=0 && pX->eEName==ENAME_NAME ){
      /* If the column contains an "AS <name>" phrase, use <name> as the name */
    }else{
      Expr *pColExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollateAndLikely(pX->pExpr);
      while( ALWAYS(pColExpr!=0) && pColExpr->op==TK_DOT ){
        pColExpr = pColExpr->pRight;
        assert( pColExpr!=0 );
      }
      if( pColExpr->op==TK_COLUMN
       && ALWAYS( ExprUseYTab(pColExpr) )
       && (pTab = pColExpr->y.pTab)!=0
      ){
        /* For columns use the column name name */
        int iCol = pColExpr->iColumn;
        if( iCol<0 ) iCol = pTab->iPKey;
        zName = iCol>=0 ? pTab->aCol[iCol].zCnName : "rowid";
      }else if( pColExpr->op==TK_ID ){
        assert( !ExprHasProperty(pColExpr, EP_IntValue) );
        zName = pColExpr->u.zToken;
      }else{
        /* Use the original text of the column expression as its name */
        assert( zName==pX->zEName );  /* pointer comparison intended */
      }
    }
    if( zName && !sqlite3IsTrueOrFalse(zName) ){
      zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
    }else{
      zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db,"column%d",i+1);
    }

#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW)

/* An instance of the SubstContext object describes an substitution edit
** to be performed on a parse tree.
**
** All references to columns in table iTable are to be replaced by corresponding
** expressions in pEList.
**
** ## About "isOuterJoin":
**
** The isOuterJoin column indicates that the replacement will occur into a
** position in the parent that NULL-able due to an OUTER JOIN.  Either the
** target slot in the parent is the right operand of a LEFT JOIN, or one of
** the left operands of a RIGHT JOIN.  In either case, we need to potentially
** bypass the substituted expression with OP_IfNullRow.
**
** Suppose the original expression integer constant.  Even though the table
** has the nullRow flag set, because the expression is an integer constant,
** it will not be NULLed out.  So instead, we insert an OP_IfNullRow opcode
** that checks to see if the nullRow flag is set on the table.  If the nullRow
** flag is set, then the value in the register is set to NULL and the original
** expression is bypassed.  If the nullRow flag is not set, then the original
** expression runs to populate the register.
**
** Example where this is needed:
**
**      CREATE TABLE t1(a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, b INT);
**      CREATE TABLE t2(x INT UNIQUE);
**
**      SELECT a,b,m,x FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 59 AS m,x FROM t2) ON b=x;
**
** When the subquery on the right side of the LEFT JOIN is flattened, we
** have to add OP_IfNullRow in front of the OP_Integer that implements the
** "m" value of the subquery so that a NULL will be loaded instead of 59
** when processing a non-matched row of the left.
*/
typedef struct SubstContext {
  Parse *pParse;            /* The parsing context */
  int iTable;               /* Replace references to this table */
  int iNewTable;            /* New table number */
  int isOuterJoin;          /* Add TK_IF_NULL_ROW opcodes on each replacement */
  ExprList *pEList;         /* Replacement expressions */
} SubstContext;

/* Forward Declarations */
static void substExprList(SubstContext*, ExprList*);
static void substSelect(SubstContext*, Select*, int);

*/
static Expr *substExpr(
  SubstContext *pSubst,  /* Description of the substitution */
  Expr *pExpr            /* Expr in which substitution occurs */
){
  if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;
  if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
   && pExpr->w.iJoin==pSubst->iTable
  ){
    pExpr->w.iJoin = pSubst->iNewTable;
  }
  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN
   && pExpr->iTable==pSubst->iTable
   && !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FixedCol)
  ){
#ifdef SQLITE_ALLOW_ROWID_IN_VIEW
    if( pExpr->iColumn<0 ){
      pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
    }else
#endif
    {
      Expr *pNew;
      Expr *pCopy = pSubst->pEList->a[pExpr->iColumn].pExpr;
      Expr ifNullRow;
      assert( pSubst->pEList!=0 && pExpr->iColumn<pSubst->pEList->nExpr );
      assert( pExpr->pRight==0 );
      if( sqlite3ExprIsVector(pCopy) ){
        sqlite3VectorErrorMsg(pSubst->pParse, pCopy);
      }else{
        sqlite3 *db = pSubst->pParse->db;
        if( pSubst->isOuterJoin && pCopy->op!=TK_COLUMN ){
          memset(&ifNullRow, 0, sizeof(ifNullRow));
          ifNullRow.op = TK_IF_NULL_ROW;
          ifNullRow.pLeft = pCopy;
          ifNullRow.iTable = pSubst->iNewTable;
          ifNullRow.flags = EP_IfNullRow;
          pCopy = &ifNullRow;
        }
        testcase( ExprHasProperty(pCopy, EP_Subquery) );
        pNew = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pCopy, 0);
        if( db->mallocFailed ){
          sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pNew);
          return pExpr;
        }
        if( pSubst->isOuterJoin ){
          ExprSetProperty(pNew, EP_CanBeNull);
        }
        if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_FromJoin|EP_InnerJoin) ){
          sqlite3SetJoinExpr(pNew, pExpr->w.iJoin,
                             pExpr->flags & (EP_FromJoin|EP_InnerJoin));
        }
        sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
        pExpr = pNew;

        /* Ensure that the expression now has an implicit collation sequence,
        ** just as it did when it was a column of a view or sub-query. */
        if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN && pExpr->op!=TK_COLLATE ){

*/
static int renumberCursorsCb(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
  int op = pExpr->op;
  if( op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_IF_NULL_ROW ){
    renumberCursorDoMapping(pWalker, &pExpr->iTable);
  }
  if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
    renumberCursorDoMapping(pWalker, &pExpr->w.iJoin);
  }
  return WRC_Continue;
}

/*
** Assign a new cursor number to each cursor in the FROM clause (Select.pSrc)
** of the SELECT statement passed as the second argument, and to each

**
**   (3)  If the subquery is the right operand of a LEFT JOIN then
**        (3a) the subquery may not be a join and
**        (3b) the FROM clause of the subquery may not contain a virtual
**             table and
**        (3c) the outer query may not be an aggregate.
**        (3d) the outer query may not be DISTINCT.
**        See also (26) for restrictions on RIGHT JOIN.
**
**   (4)  The subquery can not be DISTINCT.
**
**  (**)  At one point restrictions (4) and (5) defined a subset of DISTINCT
**        sub-queries that were excluded from this optimization. Restriction
**        (4) has since been expanded to exclude all DISTINCT subqueries.
**

**        "SELECT x FROM (SELECT max(y), x FROM t1)" would not necessarily
**        return the value X for which Y was maximal.)
**
**  (25)  If either the subquery or the parent query contains a window
**        function in the select list or ORDER BY clause, flattening
**        is not attempted.
**
**  (26)  The subquery may not be the right operand of a RIGHT JOIN.
**        See also (3) for restrictions on LEFT JOIN.
**
**  (27)  The subquery may not contain a FULL or RIGHT JOIN unless it
**        is the first element of the parent query.
**
**
** In this routine, the "p" parameter is a pointer to the outer query.
** The subquery is p->pSrc->a[iFrom].  isAgg is true if the outer query
** uses aggregates.
**
** If flattening is not attempted, this routine is a no-op and returns 0.
** If flattening is attempted this routine returns 1.

  Select *pParent;    /* Current UNION ALL term of the other query */
  Select *pSub;       /* The inner query or "subquery" */
  Select *pSub1;      /* Pointer to the rightmost select in sub-query */
  SrcList *pSrc;      /* The FROM clause of the outer query */
  SrcList *pSubSrc;   /* The FROM clause of the subquery */
  int iParent;        /* VDBE cursor number of the pSub result set temp table */
  int iNewParent = -1;/* Replacement table for iParent */
  int isOuterJoin = 0; /* True if pSub is the right side of a LEFT JOIN */
  int i;              /* Loop counter */
  Expr *pWhere;                    /* The WHERE clause */
  SrcItem *pSubitem;               /* The subquery */
  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
  Walker w;                        /* Walker to persist agginfo data */
  int *aCsrMap = 0;

  ** If the subquery is the right operand of a LEFT JOIN, then the outer
  ** query cannot be an aggregate. (3c)  This is an artifact of the way
  ** aggregates are processed - there is no mechanism to determine if
  ** the LEFT JOIN table should be all-NULL.
  **
  ** See also tickets #306, #350, and #3300.
  */
  if( (pSubitem->fg.jointype & (JT_OUTER|JT_LTORJ))!=0 ){

    if( pSubSrc->nSrc>1                        /* (3a) */
     || isAgg                                  /* (3b) */
     || IsVirtual(pSubSrc->a[0].pTab)          /* (3c) */
     || (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0         /* (3d) */
     || (pSubitem->fg.jointype & JT_RIGHT)!=0  /* (26) */
    ){
      return 0;
    }
    isOuterJoin = 1;
  }
#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_IFNULLROW
  else if( iFrom>0 && !isAgg ){
    /* Setting isOuterJoin to -1 causes OP_IfNullRow opcodes to be generated for
    ** every reference to any result column from subquery in a join, even
    ** though they are not necessary.  This will stress-test the OP_IfNullRow
    ** opcode. */
    isOuterJoin = -1;
  }
#endif

  assert( pSubSrc->nSrc>0 );  /* True by restriction (7) */
  if( iFrom>0 && (pSubSrc->a[0].fg.jointype & JT_LTORJ)!=0 ){
    return 0;   /* Restriction (27) */
  }

  /* Restriction (17): If the sub-query is a compound SELECT, then it must
  ** use only the UNION ALL operator. And none of the simple select queries
  ** that make up the compound SELECT are allowed to be aggregate or distinct
  ** queries.
  */
  if( pSub->pPrior ){
    if( pSub->pOrderBy ){
      return 0;  /* Restriction (20) */
    }
    if( isAgg || (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0 || isOuterJoin>0 ){
      return 0; /* (17d1), (17d2), or (17f) */
    }
    for(pSub1=pSub; pSub1; pSub1=pSub1->pPrior){
      testcase( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct );
      testcase( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Aggregate );
      assert( pSub->pSrc!=0 );
      assert( (pSub->selFlags & SF_Recursive)==0 );

  sqlite3DbFree(db, pSubitem->zDatabase);
  sqlite3DbFree(db, pSubitem->zName);
  sqlite3DbFree(db, pSubitem->zAlias);
  pSubitem->zDatabase = 0;
  pSubitem->zName = 0;
  pSubitem->zAlias = 0;
  pSubitem->pSelect = 0;
  assert( pSubitem->fg.isUsing!=0 || pSubitem->u3.pOn==0 );

  /* If the sub-query is a compound SELECT statement, then (by restrictions
  ** 17 and 18 above) it must be a UNION ALL and the parent query must
  ** be of the form:
  **
  **     SELECT <expr-list> FROM (<sub-query>) <where-clause>
  **

  ** those references with expressions that resolve to the subquery FROM
  ** elements we are now copying in.
  */
  pSub = pSub1;
  for(pParent=p; pParent; pParent=pParent->pPrior, pSub=pSub->pPrior){
    int nSubSrc;
    u8 jointype = 0;
    u8 ltorj = pSrc->a[iFrom].fg.jointype & JT_LTORJ;
    assert( pSub!=0 );
    pSubSrc = pSub->pSrc;     /* FROM clause of subquery */
    nSubSrc = pSubSrc->nSrc;  /* Number of terms in subquery FROM clause */
    pSrc = pParent->pSrc;     /* FROM clause of the outer query */

    if( pParent==p ){
      jointype = pSubitem->fg.jointype;     /* First time through the loop */

      pParent->pSrc = pSrc;
    }

    /* Transfer the FROM clause terms from the subquery into the
    ** outer query.
    */
    for(i=0; i<nSubSrc; i++){
      SrcItem *pItem = &pSrc->a[i+iFrom];
      if( pItem->fg.isUsing ) sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pItem->u3.pUsing);
      assert( pItem->fg.isTabFunc==0 );
      *pItem = pSubSrc->a[i];
      pItem->fg.jointype |= ltorj;
      iNewParent = pSubSrc->a[i].iCursor;
      memset(&pSubSrc->a[i], 0, sizeof(pSubSrc->a[i]));
    }
    pSrc->a[iFrom].fg.jointype &= JT_LTORJ;
    pSrc->a[iFrom].fg.jointype |= jointype | ltorj;

    /* Now begin substituting subquery result set expressions for
    ** references to the iParent in the outer query.
    **
    ** Example:
    **
    **   SELECT a+5, b*10 FROM (SELECT x*3 AS a, y+10 AS b FROM t1) WHERE a>b;

      }
      assert( pParent->pOrderBy==0 );
      pParent->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
      pSub->pOrderBy = 0;
    }
    pWhere = pSub->pWhere;
    pSub->pWhere = 0;
    if( isOuterJoin>0 ){
      sqlite3SetJoinExpr(pWhere, iNewParent, EP_FromJoin);
    }
    if( pWhere ){
      if( pParent->pWhere ){
        pParent->pWhere = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_AND, pWhere, pParent->pWhere);
      }else{
        pParent->pWhere = pWhere;
      }
    }
    if( db->mallocFailed==0 ){
      SubstContext x;
      x.pParse = pParse;
      x.iTable = iParent;
      x.iNewTable = iNewParent;
      x.isOuterJoin = isOuterJoin;
      x.pEList = pSub->pEList;
      substSelect(&x, pParent, 0);
    }

    /* The flattened query is a compound if either the inner or the
    ** outer query is a compound. */
    pParent->selFlags |= pSub->selFlags & SF_Compound;

  /* Finially, delete what is left of the subquery and return
  ** success.
  */
  sqlite3AggInfoPersistWalkerInit(&w, pParse);
  sqlite3WalkSelect(&w,pSub1);
  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSub1);

#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x100 ){
    SELECTTRACE(0x100,pParse,p,("After flattening:\n"));
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
  }
#endif

  return 1;
}

  while( pWhere->op==TK_AND ){
    nChng += pushDownWhereTerms(pParse, pSubq, pWhere->pRight,
                                iCursor, isLeftJoin);
    pWhere = pWhere->pLeft;
  }
  if( isLeftJoin
   && (ExprHasProperty(pWhere,EP_FromJoin)==0
         || pWhere->w.iJoin!=iCursor)
  ){
    return 0; /* restriction (4) */
  }
  if( ExprHasProperty(pWhere,EP_FromJoin)
   && pWhere->w.iJoin!=iCursor
  ){
    return 0; /* restriction (5) */
  }
  if( sqlite3ExprIsTableConstant(pWhere, iCursor) ){
    nChng++;
    pSubq->selFlags |= SF_PushDown;
    while( pSubq ){
      SubstContext x;
      pNew = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pWhere, 0);
      unsetJoinExpr(pNew, -1);
      x.pParse = pParse;
      x.iTable = iCursor;
      x.iNewTable = iCursor;
      x.isOuterJoin = 0;
      x.pEList = pSubq->pEList;
      pNew = substExpr(&x, pNew);
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
      if( pSubq->pWin && 0==pushDownWindowCheck(pParse, pSubq, pNew) ){
        /* Restriction 6c has prevented push-down in this case */
        sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pNew);
        nChng--;

  /* If we reach this point, that means the transformation is required. */

  pParse = pWalker->pParse;
  db = pParse->db;
  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
  if( pNew==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
  memset(&dummy, 0, sizeof(dummy));
  pNewSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,0,0,0,&dummy,pNew,0);
  if( pNewSrc==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
  *pNew = *p;
  p->pSrc = pNewSrc;
  p->pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ASTERISK, 0));
  p->op = TK_SELECT;
  p->pWhere = 0;
  pNew->pGroupBy = 0;

  pTab->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
#ifndef SQLITE_ALLOW_ROWID_IN_VIEW
  /* The usual case - do not allow ROWID on a subquery */
  pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Ephemeral | TF_NoVisibleRowid;
#else
  pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Ephemeral;  /* Legacy compatibility mode */
#endif
  return pParse->nErr ? SQLITE_ERROR : SQLITE_OK;
}


/*
** Check the N SrcItem objects to the right of pBase.  (N might be zero!)
** If any of those SrcItem objects have a USING clause containing zName
** then return true.
**
** If N is zero, or none of the N SrcItem objects to the right of pBase
** contains a USING clause, or if none of the USING clauses contain zName,
** then return false.
*/
static int inAnyUsingClause(
  const char *zName, /* Name we are looking for */
  SrcItem *pBase,    /* The base SrcItem.  Looking at pBase[1] and following */
  int N              /* How many SrcItems to check */
){
  while( N>0 ){
    N--;
    pBase++;
    if( pBase->fg.isUsing==0 ) continue;
    if( NEVER(pBase->u3.pUsing==0) ) continue;
    if( sqlite3IdListIndex(pBase->u3.pUsing, zName)>=0 ) return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}


/*
** This routine is a Walker callback for "expanding" a SELECT statement.
** "Expanding" means to do the following:
**
**    (1)  Make sure VDBE cursor numbers have been assigned to every
**         element of the FROM clause.

      return WRC_Abort;
    }
  }

  /* Process NATURAL keywords, and ON and USING clauses of joins.
  */
  assert( db->mallocFailed==0 || pParse->nErr!=0 );
  if( pParse->nErr || sqlite3ProcessJoin(pParse, p) ){
    return WRC_Abort;
  }

  /* For every "*" that occurs in the column list, insert the names of
  ** all columns in all tables.  And for every TABLE.* insert the names
  ** of all columns in TABLE.  The parser inserted a special expression
  ** with the TK_ASTERISK operator for each "*" that it found in the column

        if( pE->op==TK_DOT ){
          assert( pE->pLeft!=0 );
          assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE->pLeft, EP_IntValue) );
          zTName = pE->pLeft->u.zToken;
        }
        for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
          Table *pTab = pFrom->pTab;
          Select *pSub;
          char *zTabName = pFrom->zAlias;
          const char *zSchemaName = 0;
          int iDb;
          if( zTabName==0 ){
            zTabName = pTab->zName;
          }
          if( db->mallocFailed ) break;
          assert( pFrom->fg.isNestedFrom == IsNestedFrom(pFrom->pSelect) );
          if( pFrom->fg.isNestedFrom ){
            pSub = pFrom->pSelect;
            assert( pSub->pEList!=0 );
            assert( pSub->pEList->nExpr==pTab->nCol );
          }else{
            pSub = 0;
            if( zTName && sqlite3StrICmp(zTName, zTabName)!=0 ){
              continue;
            }
            iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
            zSchemaName = iDb>=0 ? db->aDb[iDb].zDbSName : "*";
          }
          for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
            char *zName = pTab->aCol[j].zCnName;
            struct ExprList_item *pX; /* Newly added ExprList term */



            assert( zName );
            if( zTName && pSub
             && sqlite3MatchEName(&pSub->pEList->a[j], 0, zTName, 0)==0
            ){
              continue;
            }

            /* If a column is marked as 'hidden', omit it from the expanded
            ** result-set list unless the SELECT has the SF_IncludeHidden
            ** bit set.
            */
            if( (p->selFlags & SF_IncludeHidden)==0
             && IsHiddenColumn(&pTab->aCol[j])
            ){
              continue;
            }
            tableSeen = 1;

            if( i>0 && zTName==0 ){
              if( pFrom->fg.isUsing
               && sqlite3IdListIndex(pFrom->u3.pUsing, zName)>=0
              ){





                /* In a join with a USING clause, omit columns in the
                ** using clause from the table on the right. */
                continue;
              }
            }
            pRight = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zName);


            if( (pTabList->nSrc>1
                 && (  (pFrom->fg.jointype & JT_LTORJ)==0
                     || !inAnyUsingClause(zName,pFrom,pTabList->nSrc-i-1)
                    )
                )
             || IN_RENAME_OBJECT
            ){
              Expr *pLeft;
              pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zTabName);
              pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight);
              if( IN_RENAME_OBJECT && pE->pLeft ){
                sqlite3RenameTokenRemap(pParse, pLeft, pE->pLeft);
              }
              if( zSchemaName ){
                pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zSchemaName);
                pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pExpr);
              }




            }else{
              pExpr = pRight;
            }
            pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pNew, pExpr);


            if( pNew==0 ){
              break;  /* OOM */
            }
            pX = &pNew->a[pNew->nExpr-1];
            assert( pX->zEName==0 );
            if( (selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 && !IN_RENAME_OBJECT ){
              if( pSub ){
                pX->zEName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pSub->pEList->a[j].zEName);
                testcase( pX->zEName==0 );
              }else{
                pX->zEName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s.%s",
                                           zSchemaName, zTabName, zName);
                testcase( pX->zEName==0 );
              }
              pX->eEName = ENAME_TAB;
            }else if( longNames ){
              pX->zEName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s", zTabName, zName);
              pX->eEName = ENAME_NAME;
            }else{
              pX->zEName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
              pX->eEName = ENAME_NAME;
            }

          }
        }
        if( !tableSeen ){
          if( zTName ){
            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such table: %s", zTName);
          }else{
            sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no tables specified");

      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many columns in result set");
      return WRC_Abort;
    }
    if( (elistFlags & (EP_HasFunc|EP_Subquery))!=0 ){
      p->selFlags |= SF_ComplexResult;
    }
  }
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x100 ){
    SELECTTRACE(0x100,pParse,p,("After result-set wildcard expansion:\n"));
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
  }
#endif
  return WRC_Continue;
}

#if SQLITE_DEBUG
/*
** Always assert.  This xSelectCallback2 implementation proves that the
** xSelectCallback2 is never invoked.

static void havingToWhere(Parse *pParse, Select *p){
  Walker sWalker;
  memset(&sWalker, 0, sizeof(sWalker));
  sWalker.pParse = pParse;
  sWalker.xExprCallback = havingToWhereExprCb;
  sWalker.u.pSelect = p;
  sqlite3WalkExpr(&sWalker, p->pHaving);
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sWalker.eCode && (sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x100)!=0 ){
    SELECTTRACE(0x100,pParse,p,("Move HAVING terms into WHERE:\n"));
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
  }
#endif
}

/*

      pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_PLUS, pTerm, pExpr);
    }
    pSub = pPrior;
  }
  p->pEList->a[0].pExpr = pExpr;
  p->selFlags &= ~SF_Aggregate;

#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x400 ){
    SELECTTRACE(0x400,pParse,p,("After count-of-view optimization:\n"));
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
  }
#endif
  return 1;
}
#endif /* SQLITE_COUNTOFVIEW_OPTIMIZATION */

  assert( pParse==db->pParse );
  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
  if( p==0 || pParse->nErr ){
    return 1;
  }
  assert( db->mallocFailed==0 );
  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0) ) return 1;
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  SELECTTRACE(1,pParse,p, ("begin processing:\n", pParse->addrExplain));
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x10100 ){
    if( (sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x10001)==0x10000 ){
      sqlite3TreeViewLine(0, "In sqlite3Select() at %s:%d",
                           __FILE__, __LINE__);
    }
    sqlite3ShowSelect(p);
  }
#endif

  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_DistFifo );
  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_Fifo );
  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_DistQueue );
  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_Queue );
  if( IgnorableDistinct(pDest) ){
    assert(pDest->eDest==SRT_Exists     || pDest->eDest==SRT_Union ||
           pDest->eDest==SRT_Except     || pDest->eDest==SRT_Discard ||
           pDest->eDest==SRT_DistQueue  || pDest->eDest==SRT_DistFifo );
    /* All of these destinations are also able to ignore the ORDER BY clause */
    if( p->pOrderBy ){
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
      SELECTTRACE(1,pParse,p, ("dropping superfluous ORDER BY:\n"));
      if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x100 ){
        sqlite3TreeViewExprList(0, p->pOrderBy, 0, "ORDERBY");
      }
#endif
      sqlite3ParserAddCleanup(pParse,
        (void(*)(sqlite3*,void*))sqlite3ExprListDelete,
        p->pOrderBy);
      testcase( pParse->earlyCleanup );
      p->pOrderBy = 0;
    }
    p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
    p->selFlags |= SF_NoopOrderBy;
  }
  sqlite3SelectPrep(pParse, p, 0);
  if( pParse->nErr ){
    goto select_end;
  }
  assert( db->mallocFailed==0 );
  assert( p->pEList!=0 );
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x104 ){
    SELECTTRACE(0x104,pParse,p, ("after name resolution:\n"));
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
  }
#endif

  /* If the SF_UFSrcCheck flag is set, then this function is being called
  ** as part of populating the temp table for an UPDATE...FROM statement.

  }

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC
  if( sqlite3WindowRewrite(pParse, p) ){
    assert( pParse->nErr );
    goto select_end;
  }
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( p->pWin && (sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x108)!=0 ){
    SELECTTRACE(0x104,pParse,p, ("after window rewrite:\n"));
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
  }
#endif
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WINDOWFUNC */
  pTabList = p->pSrc;
  isAgg = (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)!=0;

    ** even for FROM clause elements such as subqueries that do not correspond
    ** to a real table */
    assert( pTab!=0 );

    /* Convert LEFT JOIN into JOIN if there are terms of the right table
    ** of the LEFT JOIN used in the WHERE clause.
    */
    if( (pItem->fg.jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_RIGHT))==JT_LEFT
     && sqlite3ExprImpliesNonNullRow(p->pWhere, pItem->iCursor)
     && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_SimplifyJoin)
    ){
      SELECTTRACE(0x100,pParse,p,
                ("LEFT-JOIN simplifies to JOIN on term %d\n",i));
      pItem->fg.jointype &= ~(JT_LEFT|JT_OUTER);
      unsetJoinExpr(p->pWhere, pItem->iCursor);

    **
    **  SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tab ORDER BY y LIMIT 10);
    */
    if( pSub->pOrderBy!=0
     && i==0
     && (p->selFlags & SF_ComplexResult)!=0
     && (pTabList->nSrc==1
         || (pTabList->a[1].fg.jointype&(JT_OUTER|JT_CROSS))!=0)
    ){
      continue;
    }

    if( flattenSubquery(pParse, p, i, isAgg) ){
      if( pParse->nErr ) goto select_end;
      /* This subquery can be absorbed into its parent. */

#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
  /* Handle compound SELECT statements using the separate multiSelect()
  ** procedure.
  */
  if( p->pPrior ){
    rc = multiSelect(pParse, p, pDest);
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
    SELECTTRACE(0x1,pParse,p,("end compound-select processing\n"));
    if( (sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x2000)!=0 && ExplainQueryPlanParent(pParse)==0 ){
      sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
    }
#endif
    if( p->pNext==0 ) ExplainQueryPlanPop(pParse);
    return rc;
  }
#endif

  /* Do the WHERE-clause constant propagation optimization if this is
  ** a join.  No need to speed time on this operation for non-join queries
  ** as the equivalent optimization will be handled by query planner in
  ** sqlite3WhereBegin().
  */
  if( p->pWhere!=0
   && p->pWhere->op==TK_AND
   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_PropagateConst)
   && propagateConstants(pParse, p)
  ){
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
    if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x100 ){
      SELECTTRACE(0x100,pParse,p,("After constant propagation:\n"));
      sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
    }
#endif
  }else{
    SELECTTRACE(0x100,pParse,p,("Constant propagation not helpful\n"));
  }

    /* Make copies of constant WHERE-clause terms in the outer query down
    ** inside the subquery.  This can help the subquery to run more efficiently.
    */
    if( OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_PushDown)
     && (pItem->fg.isCte==0
         || (pItem->u2.pCteUse->eM10d!=M10d_Yes && pItem->u2.pCteUse->nUse<2))
     && (pItem->fg.jointype & JT_RIGHT)==0
     && pushDownWhereTerms(pParse, pSub, p->pWhere, pItem->iCursor,
                           (pItem->fg.jointype & JT_OUTER)!=0)
    ){
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
      if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x100 ){
        SELECTTRACE(0x100,pParse,p,
            ("After WHERE-clause push-down into subquery %d:\n", pSub->selId));
        sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
      }
#endif
      assert( pItem->pSelect && (pItem->pSelect->selFlags & SF_PushDown)!=0 );
    }else{
      SELECTTRACE(0x100,pParse,p,("Push-down not possible\n"));
    }

    zSavedAuthContext = pParse->zAuthContext;
    pParse->zAuthContext = pItem->zName;

    /* Generate code to implement the subquery
    **
    ** The subquery is implemented as a co-routine all of the following are
    ** true:
    **
    **    (1)  the subquery is guaranteed to be the outer loop (so that
    **         it does not need to be computed more than once), and
    **    (2)  the subquery is not a CTE that should be materialized
    **    (3)  the subquery is not part of a left operand for a RIGHT JOIN


    */
    if( i==0
     && (pTabList->nSrc==1
            || (pTabList->a[1].fg.jointype&(JT_OUTER|JT_CROSS))!=0)  /* (1) */
     && (pItem->fg.isCte==0 || pItem->u2.pCteUse->eM10d!=M10d_Yes)   /* (2) */
     && (pTabList->a[0].fg.jointype & JT_LTORJ)==0                   /* (3) */
    ){
      /* Implement a co-routine that will return a single row of the result
      ** set on each invocation.
      */
      int addrTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+1;

      pItem->regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;

  ** convenience */
  pEList = p->pEList;
  pWhere = p->pWhere;
  pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
  pHaving = p->pHaving;
  sDistinct.isTnct = (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0;

#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x400 ){
    SELECTTRACE(0x400,pParse,p,("After all FROM-clause analysis:\n"));
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
  }
#endif

  /* If the query is DISTINCT with an ORDER BY but is not an aggregate, and
  ** if the select-list is the same as the ORDER BY list, then this query

    p->selFlags |= SF_Aggregate;
    /* Notice that even thought SF_Distinct has been cleared from p->selFlags,
    ** the sDistinct.isTnct is still set.  Hence, isTnct represents the
    ** original setting of the SF_Distinct flag, not the current setting */
    assert( sDistinct.isTnct );
    sDistinct.isTnct = 2;

#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
    if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x400 ){
      SELECTTRACE(0x400,pParse,p,("Transform DISTINCT into GROUP BY:\n"));
      sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
    }
#endif
  }

  /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then create an ephemeral index to

    sSort.addrSortIndex = -1;
  }

  /* If the output is destined for a temporary table, open that table.
  */
  if( pDest->eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pDest->iSDParm, pEList->nExpr);
    if( p->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom ){
      /* Delete or NULL-out result columns that will never be used */
      int ii;
      for(ii=pEList->nExpr-1; ii>0 && pEList->a[ii].bUsed==0; ii--){
        sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pEList->a[ii].pExpr);
        sqlite3DbFree(db, pEList->a[ii].zEName);
        pEList->nExpr--;
      }
      for(ii=0; ii<pEList->nExpr; ii++){
        if( pEList->a[ii].bUsed==0 ) pEList->a[ii].pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
      }
    }
  }

  /* Set the limiter.
  */
  iEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
  if( (p->selFlags & SF_FixedLimit)==0 ){
    p->nSelectRow = 320;  /* 4 billion rows */

        sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(&sNC, pExpr->y.pWin->pFilter);
      }
#endif
      sNC.ncFlags &= ~NC_InAggFunc;
    }
    pAggInfo->mxReg = pParse->nMem;
    if( db->mallocFailed ) goto select_end;
#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
    if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x400 ){
      int ii;
      SELECTTRACE(0x400,pParse,p,("After aggregate analysis %p:\n", pAggInfo));
      sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
      if( minMaxFlag ){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf("MIN/MAX Optimization (0x%02x) adds:\n", minMaxFlag);
        sqlite3TreeViewExprList(0, pMinMaxOrderBy, 0, "ORDERBY");
      }

          goto select_end;
        }
        SELECTTRACE(1,pParse,p,("WhereBegin returns\n"));
        eDist = sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(pWInfo);
        updateAccumulator(pParse, regAcc, pAggInfo, eDist);
        if( eDist!=WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP ){
          struct AggInfo_func *pF = &pAggInfo->aFunc[0];
          if( pF ){
            fixDistinctOpenEph(pParse, eDist, pF->iDistinct, pF->iDistAddr);
          }
        }

        if( regAcc ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regAcc);
        if( minMaxFlag ){
          sqlite3WhereMinMaxOptEarlyOut(v, pWInfo);
        }
        SELECTTRACE(1,pParse,p,("WhereEnd\n"));

      assert( pExpr!=0 );
      assert( pExpr->pAggInfo==pAggInfo );
      assert( pExpr->iAgg==i );
    }
  }
#endif

#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  SELECTTRACE(0x1,pParse,p,("end processing\n"));
  if( (sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x2000)!=0 && ExplainQueryPlanParent(pParse)==0 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewSelect(0, p, 0);
  }
#endif
  ExplainQueryPlanPop(pParse);
  return rc;
}

** pTab as well as the triggers lised in pTab->pTrigger.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE Trigger *sqlite3TriggerList(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
  Schema *pTmpSchema;       /* Schema of the pTab table */
  Trigger *pList;           /* List of triggers to return */
  HashElem *p;              /* Loop variable for TEMP triggers */

  assert( pParse->disableTriggers==0 );


  pTmpSchema = pParse->db->aDb[1].pSchema;
  p = sqliteHashFirst(&pTmpSchema->trigHash);
  pList = pTab->pTrigger;
  while( p ){
    Trigger *pTrig = (Trigger *)sqliteHashData(p);
    if( pTrig->pTabSchema==pTab->pSchema
     && pTrig->table

  int e;
  if( pIdList==0 || NEVER(pEList==0) ) return 1;
  for(e=0; e<pEList->nExpr; e++){
    if( sqlite3IdListIndex(pIdList, pEList->a[e].zEName)>=0 ) return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
** Return true if any TEMP triggers exist
*/
static int tempTriggersExist(sqlite3 *db){
  if( NEVER(db->aDb[1].pSchema==0) ) return 0;
  if( sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[1].pSchema->trigHash)==0 ) return 0;
  return 1;
}

/*
** Return a list of all triggers on table pTab if there exists at least
** one trigger that must be fired when an operation of type 'op' is
** performed on the table, and, if that operation is an UPDATE, if at
** least one of the columns in pChanges is being modified.
*/
static SQLITE_NOINLINE Trigger *triggersReallyExist(
  Parse *pParse,          /* Parse context */
  Table *pTab,            /* The table the contains the triggers */
  int op,                 /* one of TK_DELETE, TK_INSERT, TK_UPDATE */
  ExprList *pChanges,     /* Columns that change in an UPDATE statement */
  int *pMask              /* OUT: Mask of TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER */
){
  int mask = 0;

  }
exit_triggers_exist:
  if( pMask ){
    *pMask = mask;
  }
  return (mask ? pList : 0);
}
SQLITE_PRIVATE Trigger *sqlite3TriggersExist(
  Parse *pParse,          /* Parse context */
  Table *pTab,            /* The table the contains the triggers */
  int op,                 /* one of TK_DELETE, TK_INSERT, TK_UPDATE */
  ExprList *pChanges,     /* Columns that change in an UPDATE statement */
  int *pMask              /* OUT: Mask of TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER */
){
  assert( pTab!=0 );
  if( (pTab->pTrigger==0 && !tempTriggersExist(pParse->db))
   || pParse->disableTriggers
  ){
    if( pMask ) *pMask = 0;
    return 0;
  }
  return triggersReallyExist(pParse,pTab,op,pChanges,pMask);
}

/*
** Convert the pStep->zTarget string into a SrcList and return a pointer
** to that SrcList.
**
** This routine adds a specific database name, if needed, to the target when
** forming the SrcList.  This prevents a trigger in one database from

# define isView 0
# define tmask 0
#endif
#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
# undef isView
# define isView 0
#endif

#if TREETRACE_ENABLED
  if( sqlite3TreeTrace & 0x10000 ){
    sqlite3TreeViewLine(0, "In sqlite3Update() at %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
    sqlite3TreeViewUpdate(pParse->pWith, pTabList, pChanges, pWhere,
                          onError, pOrderBy, pLimit, pUpsert, pTrigger);
  }
#endif

  /* If there was a FROM clause, set nChangeFrom to the number of expressions
  ** in the change-list. Otherwise, set it to 0. There cannot be a FROM
  ** clause if this function is being called to generate code for part of
  ** an UPSERT statement.  */
  nChangeFrom = (pTabList->nSrc>1) ? pChanges->nExpr : 0;
  assert( nChangeFrom==0 || pUpsert==0 );

typedef struct WhereLoop WhereLoop;
typedef struct WherePath WherePath;
typedef struct WhereTerm WhereTerm;
typedef struct WhereLoopBuilder WhereLoopBuilder;
typedef struct WhereScan WhereScan;
typedef struct WhereOrCost WhereOrCost;
typedef struct WhereOrSet WhereOrSet;
typedef struct WhereMemBlock WhereMemBlock;
typedef struct WhereRightJoin WhereRightJoin;

/*
** This object is a header on a block of allocated memory that will be
** automatically freed when its WInfo oject is destructed.
*/
struct WhereMemBlock {
  WhereMemBlock *pNext;      /* Next block in the chain */
  u8 sz;                     /* Bytes of space */
};

/*
** Extra information attached to a WhereLevel that is a RIGHT JOIN.
*/
struct WhereRightJoin {
  int iMatch;          /* Cursor used to determine prior matched rows */
  int regBloom;        /* Bloom filter for iRJMatch */
  int regReturn;       /* Return register for the interior subroutine */
  int addrSubrtn;      /* Starting address for the interior subroutine */
};

/*
** This object contains information needed to implement a single nested
** loop in WHERE clause.
**
** Contrast this object with WhereLoop.  This object describes the
** implementation of the loop.  WhereLoop describes the algorithm.

  int regBignull;       /* big-null flag reg. True if a NULL-scan is needed */
  int addrBignull;      /* Jump here for next part of big-null scan */
#ifndef SQLITE_LIKE_DOESNT_MATCH_BLOBS
  u32 iLikeRepCntr;     /* LIKE range processing counter register (times 2) */
  int addrLikeRep;      /* LIKE range processing address */
#endif
  int regFilter;        /* Bloom filter */
  WhereRightJoin *pRJ;  /* Extra information for RIGHT JOIN */
  u8 iFrom;             /* Which entry in the FROM clause */
  u8 op, p3, p5;        /* Opcode, P3 & P5 of the opcode that ends the loop */
  int p1, p2;           /* Operands of the opcode used to end the loop */
  union {               /* Information that depends on pWLoop->wsFlags */
    struct {
      int nIn;              /* Number of entries in aInLoop[] */
      struct InLoop {

  unsigned bOrderedInnerLoop:1;/* True if only the inner-most loop is ordered */
  unsigned sorted :1;          /* True if really sorted (not just grouped) */
  LogEst nRowOut;           /* Estimated number of output rows */
  int iTop;                 /* The very beginning of the WHERE loop */
  int iEndWhere;            /* End of the WHERE clause itself */
  WhereLoop *pLoops;        /* List of all WhereLoop objects */
  WhereExprMod *pExprMods;  /* Expression modifications */
  WhereMemBlock *pMemToFree;/* Memory to free when this object destroyed */
  Bitmask revMask;          /* Mask of ORDER BY terms that need reversing */
  WhereClause sWC;          /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
  WhereMaskSet sMaskSet;    /* Map cursor numbers to bitmasks */
  WhereLevel a[1];          /* Information about each nest loop in WHERE */
};

/*

  WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause to be searched */
  int iCur,             /* Cursor number of LHS */
  int iColumn,          /* Column number of LHS */
  Bitmask notReady,     /* RHS must not overlap with this mask */
  u32 op,               /* Mask of WO_xx values describing operator */
  Index *pIdx           /* Must be compatible with this index, if not NULL */
);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3WhereMalloc(WhereInfo *pWInfo, u64 nByte);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3WhereRealloc(WhereInfo *pWInfo, void *pOld, u64 nByte);

/* wherecode.c: */
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereExplainOneScan(
  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
  SrcList *pTabList,              /* Table list this loop refers to */
  WhereLevel *pLevel,             /* Scan to write OP_Explain opcode for */

SQLITE_PRIVATE Bitmask sqlite3WhereCodeOneLoopStart(
  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
  Vdbe *v,             /* Prepared statement under construction */
  WhereInfo *pWInfo,   /* Complete information about the WHERE clause */
  int iLevel,          /* Which level of pWInfo->a[] should be coded */
  WhereLevel *pLevel,  /* The current level pointer */
  Bitmask notReady     /* Which tables are currently available */
);
SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_NOINLINE void sqlite3WhereRightJoinLoop(
  WhereInfo *pWInfo,
  int iLevel,
  WhereLevel *pLevel
);

/* whereexpr.c: */
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereClauseInit(WhereClause*,WhereInfo*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereClauseClear(WhereClause*);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereSplit(WhereClause*,Expr*,u8);
SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereAddLimit(WhereClause*, Select*);

    }
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
    else if( (flags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&str, " VIRTUAL TABLE INDEX %d:%s",
                  pLoop->u.vtab.idxNum, pLoop->u.vtab.idxStr);
    }
#endif
    if( pItem->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&str, " LEFT-JOIN");
    }
#ifdef SQLITE_EXPLAIN_ESTIMATED_ROWS
    if( pLoop->nOut>=10 ){
      sqlite3_str_appendf(&str, " (~%llu rows)",
             sqlite3LogEstToInt(pLoop->nOut));
    }else{
      sqlite3_str_append(&str, " (~1 row)", 9);
    }

    if( iEq>0 && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_SEEKSCAN)==0 ){
      pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_IN_EARLYOUT;
    }

    i = pLevel->u.in.nIn;
    pLevel->u.in.nIn += nEq;
    pLevel->u.in.aInLoop =
       sqlite3WhereRealloc(pTerm->pWC->pWInfo,
                           pLevel->u.in.aInLoop,
                           sizeof(pLevel->u.in.aInLoop[0])*pLevel->u.in.nIn);
    pIn = pLevel->u.in.aInLoop;
    if( pIn ){
      int iMap = 0;               /* Index in aiMap[] */
      pIn += i;
      for(i=iEq;i<pLoop->nLTerm; i++){
        if( pLoop->aLTerm[i]->pExpr==pX ){
          int iOut = iReg + i - iEq;

    **   WHERE 1 = (t2.c IS NULL)
    **
    ** are also excluded. See codeCursorHintIsOrFunction() for details.
    */
    if( pTabItem->fg.jointype & JT_LEFT ){
      Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
      if( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
       || pExpr->w.iJoin!=pTabItem->iCursor
      ){
        sWalker.eCode = 0;
        sWalker.xExprCallback = codeCursorHintIsOrFunction;
        sqlite3WalkExpr(&sWalker, pTerm->pExpr);
        if( sWalker.eCode ) continue;
      }
    }else{

  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;        /* Vdbe to generate code within */

  assert( iIdxCur>0 );
  assert( pIdx->aiColumn[pIdx->nColumn-1]==-1 );

  pWInfo->bDeferredSeek = 1;
  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_DeferredSeek, iIdxCur, 0, iCur);
  if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & (WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE|WHERE_RIGHT_JOIN))
   && DbMaskAllZero(sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse)->writeMask)
  ){
    int i;
    Table *pTab = pIdx->pTable;
    u32 *ai = (u32*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(u32)*(pTab->nCol+1));
    if( ai ){
      ai[0] = pTab->nCol;

  addrBrk = pLevel->addrBrk = pLevel->addrNxt = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);
  addrCont = pLevel->addrCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(pParse);

  /* If this is the right table of a LEFT OUTER JOIN, allocate and
  ** initialize a memory cell that records if this table matches any
  ** row of the left table of the join.
  */
  assert( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & (WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE|WHERE_RIGHT_JOIN))
       || pLevel->iFrom>0 || (pTabItem[0].fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)==0
  );
  if( pLevel->iFrom>0 && (pTabItem[0].fg.jointype & JT_LEFT)!=0 ){
    pLevel->iLeftJoin = ++pParse->nMem;
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pLevel->iLeftJoin);
    VdbeComment((v, "init LEFT JOIN no-match flag"));
  }

  /* Compute a safe address to jump to if we discover that the table for
  ** this loop is empty and can never contribute content. */
  for(j=iLevel; j>0; j--){
    if( pWInfo->a[j].iLeftJoin ) break;
    if( pWInfo->a[j].pRJ ) break;
  }
  addrHalt = pWInfo->a[j].addrBrk;

  /* Special case of a FROM clause subquery implemented as a co-routine */
  if( pTabItem->fg.viaCoroutine ){
    int regYield = pTabItem->regReturn;
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regYield, 0, pTabItem->addrFillSub);
    pLevel->p2 =  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regYield, addrBrk);

    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_EARLYOUT)!=0 ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SeekHit, iIdxCur, nEq, nEq);
    }

    /* Seek the table cursor, if required */
    omitTable = (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)!=0
           && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & (WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE|WHERE_RIGHT_JOIN))==0;
    if( omitTable ){
      /* pIdx is a covering index.  No need to access the main table. */
    }else if( HasRowid(pIdx->pTable) ){
      codeDeferredSeek(pWInfo, pIdx, iCur, iIdxCur);
    }else if( iCur!=iIdxCur ){
      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx->pTable);
      iRowidReg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pPk->nKeyCol);

      ** column values are.  https://www.sqlite.org/src/info/7fa8049685b50b5a
      **
      ** Also, do not do this when processing one index an a multi-index
      ** OR clause, since the transformation will become invalid once we
      ** move forward to the next index.
      ** https://sqlite.org/src/info/4e8e4857d32d401f
      */
      if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & (WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE|WHERE_RIGHT_JOIN))==0 ){
        whereIndexExprTrans(pIdx, iCur, iIdxCur, pWInfo);
      }

      /* If a partial index is driving the loop, try to eliminate WHERE clause
      ** terms from the query that must be true due to the WHERE clause of
      ** the partial index.
      **
      ** 2019-11-02 ticket 623eff57e76d45f6: This optimization does not work
      ** for a LEFT JOIN.
      */
      if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ){
        whereApplyPartialIndexConstraints(pIdx->pPartIdxWhere, iCur, pWC);
      }
    }else{
      testcase( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere );
      /* The following assert() is not a requirement, merely an observation:
      ** The OR-optimization doesn't work for the right hand table of
      ** a LEFT JOIN: */
      assert( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & (WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE|WHERE_RIGHT_JOIN))==0 );
    }

    /* Record the instruction used to terminate the loop. */
    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW ){
      pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
    }else if( bRev ){
      pLevel->op = OP_Prev;

    if( pAndExpr ){
      pAndExpr->pLeft = 0;
      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pAndExpr);
    }
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iRetInit, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v));
    sqlite3VdbeGoto(v, pLevel->addrBrk);
    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iLoopBody);

    /* Set the P2 operand of the OP_Return opcode that will end the current
    ** loop to point to this spot, which is the top of the next containing
    ** loop.  The byte-code formatter will use that P2 value as a hint to
    ** indent everything in between the this point and the final OP_Return.
    ** See tag-20220407a in vdbe.c and shell.c */
    assert( pLevel->op==OP_Return );
    pLevel->p2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);

    if( pWInfo->nLevel>1 ){ sqlite3StackFree(db, pOrTab); }
    if( !untestedTerms ) disableTerm(pLevel, pTerm);
  }else
#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION */

  {

        testcase( pWInfo->untestedTerms==0
            && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OR_SUBCLAUSE)!=0 );
        pWInfo->untestedTerms = 1;
        continue;
      }
      pE = pTerm->pExpr;
      assert( pE!=0 );
      if( (pTabItem->fg.jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_LTORJ))
       && !ExprHasProperty(pE,EP_FromJoin)
      ){
        continue;
      }

      if( iLoop==1 && !sqlite3ExprCoveredByIndex(pE, pLevel->iTabCur, pIdx) ){
        iNext = 2;
        continue;
      }

  for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=pWC->nBase; j>0; j--, pTerm++){
    Expr *pE, sEAlt;
    WhereTerm *pAlt;
    if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
    if( (pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_IS))==0 ) continue;
    if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQUIV)==0 ) continue;
    if( pTerm->leftCursor!=iCur ) continue;
    if( pTabItem->fg.jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_LTORJ) ) continue;
    pE = pTerm->pExpr;
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x800 */
    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x800 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("Coding transitive constraint:\n");
      sqlite3WhereTermPrint(pTerm, pWC->nTerm-j);
    }
#endif

    testcase( pAlt->eOperator & WO_IN );
    VdbeModuleComment((v, "begin transitive constraint"));
    sEAlt = *pAlt->pExpr;
    sEAlt.pLeft = pE->pLeft;
    sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, &sEAlt, addrCont, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
    pAlt->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
  }

  /* For a RIGHT OUTER JOIN, record the fact that the current row has
  ** been matched at least once.
  */
  if( pLevel->pRJ ){
    Table *pTab;
    int nPk;
    int r;
    int jmp1 = 0;
    WhereRightJoin *pRJ = pLevel->pRJ;

    /* pTab is the right-hand table of the RIGHT JOIN.  Generate code that
    ** will record that the current row of that table has been matched at
    ** least once.  This is accomplished by storing the PK for the row in
    ** both the iMatch index and the regBloom Bloom filter.
    */
    pTab = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom].pTab;
    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
      r = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, 2);
      sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, pLevel->iTabCur, -1, r+1);
      nPk = 1;
    }else{
      int iPk;
      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
      nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
      r = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nPk+1);
      for(iPk=0; iPk<nPk; iPk++){
        int iCol = pPk->aiColumn[iPk];
        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, iCol,r+1+iPk);
      }
    }
    jmp1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pRJ->iMatch, 0, r+1, nPk);
    VdbeCoverage(v);
    VdbeComment((v, "match against %s", pTab->zName));
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, r+1, nPk, r);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_IdxInsert, pRJ->iMatch, r, r+1, nPk);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_FilterAdd, pRJ->regBloom, 0, r+1, nPk);
    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp1);
    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, r, nPk+1);
  }

  /* For a LEFT OUTER JOIN, generate code that will record the fact that
  ** at least one row of the right table has matched the left table.
  */
  if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
    pLevel->addrFirst = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, pLevel->iLeftJoin);
    VdbeComment((v, "record LEFT JOIN hit"));
    for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=0; j<pWC->nBase; j++, pTerm++){
      testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
      testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED );
      if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
      if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLevel->notReady)!=0 ){
        assert( pWInfo->untestedTerms );
        continue;
      }
      if( pTabItem->fg.jointype & JT_LTORJ ) continue;
      assert( pTerm->pExpr );
      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pTerm->pExpr, addrCont, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
      pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
    }
  }

  if( pLevel->pRJ ){
    /* Create a subroutine used to process all interior loops and code
    ** of the RIGHT JOIN.  During normal operation, the subroutine will
    ** be in-line with the rest of the code.  But at the end, a separate
    ** loop will run that invokes this subroutine for unmatched rows
    ** of pTab, with all tables to left begin set to NULL.
    */
    WhereRightJoin *pRJ = pLevel->pRJ;
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_BeginSubrtn, 0, pRJ->regReturn);
    pRJ->addrSubrtn = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
    assert( pParse->withinRJSubrtn < 255 );
    pParse->withinRJSubrtn++;
  }

#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x20800 */
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x20000 ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("All WHERE-clause terms after coding level %d:\n",
                       iLevel);
    sqlite3WhereClausePrint(pWC);
  }
  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x800 ){
    sqlite3DebugPrintf("End Coding level %d:  notReady=%llx\n",
       iLevel, (u64)pLevel->notReady);
  }
#endif
  return pLevel->notReady;
}

/*
** Generate the code for the loop that finds all non-matched terms
** for a RIGHT JOIN.
*/
SQLITE_PRIVATE SQLITE_NOINLINE void sqlite3WhereRightJoinLoop(
  WhereInfo *pWInfo,
  int iLevel,
  WhereLevel *pLevel
){
  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
  WhereRightJoin *pRJ = pLevel->pRJ;
  Expr *pSubWhere = 0;
  WhereClause *pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
  WhereInfo *pSubWInfo;
  WhereLoop *pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
  SrcItem *pTabItem = &pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
  SrcList sFrom;
  Bitmask mAll = 0;
  int k;

  ExplainQueryPlan((pParse, 1, "RIGHT-JOIN %s", pTabItem->pTab->zName));
  for(k=0; k<iLevel; k++){
    int iIdxCur;
    mAll |= pWInfo->a[k].pWLoop->maskSelf;
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pWInfo->a[k].iTabCur);
    iIdxCur = pWInfo->a[k].iIdxCur;
    if( iIdxCur ){
      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, iIdxCur);
    }
  }
  if( (pTabItem->fg.jointype & JT_LTORJ)==0 ){
    mAll |= pLoop->maskSelf;
    for(k=0; k<pWC->nTerm; k++){
      WhereTerm *pTerm = &pWC->a[k];
      if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) break;
      if( pTerm->prereqAll & ~mAll ) continue;
      if( ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin|EP_InnerJoin) ) continue;
      pSubWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse, pSubWhere,
                                 sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pTerm->pExpr, 0));
    }
  }
  sFrom.nSrc = 1;
  sFrom.nAlloc = 1;
  memcpy(&sFrom.a[0], pTabItem, sizeof(SrcItem));
  sFrom.a[0].fg.jointype = 0;
  assert( pParse->withinRJSubrtn < 100 );
  pParse->withinRJSubrtn++;
  pSubWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, &sFrom, pSubWhere, 0, 0, 0,
                                WHERE_RIGHT_JOIN, 0);
  if( pSubWInfo ){
    int iCur = pLevel->iTabCur;
    int r = ++pParse->nMem;
    int nPk;
    int jmp;
    int addrCont = sqlite3WhereContinueLabel(pSubWInfo);
    Table *pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
      sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, -1, r);
      nPk = 1;
    }else{
      int iPk;
      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
      nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
      pParse->nMem += nPk - 1;
      for(iPk=0; iPk<nPk; iPk++){
        int iCol = pPk->aiColumn[iPk];
        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, iCol,r+iPk);
      }
    }
    jmp = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Filter, pRJ->regBloom, 0, r, nPk);
    VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pRJ->iMatch, addrCont, r, nPk);
    VdbeCoverage(v);
    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp);
    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pRJ->regReturn, pRJ->addrSubrtn);
    sqlite3WhereEnd(pSubWInfo);
  }
  sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pSubWhere);
  ExplainQueryPlanPop(pParse);
  assert( pParse->withinRJSubrtn>0 );
  pParse->withinRJSubrtn--;
}

/************** End of wherecode.c *******************************************/
/************** Begin file whereexpr.c ***************************************/
/*
** 2015-06-08
**
** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of

static int whereClauseInsert(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *p, u16 wtFlags){
  WhereTerm *pTerm;
  int idx;
  testcase( wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
  if( pWC->nTerm>=pWC->nSlot ){
    WhereTerm *pOld = pWC->a;
    sqlite3 *db = pWC->pWInfo->pParse->db;
    pWC->a = sqlite3WhereMalloc(pWC->pWInfo, sizeof(pWC->a[0])*pWC->nSlot*2 );
    if( pWC->a==0 ){
      if( wtFlags & TERM_DYNAMIC ){
        sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p);
      }
      pWC->a = pOld;
      return 0;
    }
    memcpy(pWC->a, pOld, sizeof(pWC->a[0])*pWC->nTerm);



    pWC->nSlot = pWC->nSlot*2;
  }
  pTerm = &pWC->a[idx = pWC->nTerm++];
  if( (wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL)==0 ) pWC->nBase = pWC->nTerm;
  if( p && ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Unlikely) ){
    pTerm->truthProb = sqlite3LogEst(p->iTable) - 270;
  }else{
    pTerm->truthProb = 1;

/*
** If the pBase expression originated in the ON or USING clause of
** a join, then transfer the appropriate markings over to derived.
*/
static void transferJoinMarkings(Expr *pDerived, Expr *pBase){
  if( pDerived ){
    pDerived->flags |= pBase->flags & EP_FromJoin;
    pDerived->w.iJoin = pBase->w.iJoin;
  }
}

/*
** Mark term iChild as being a child of term iParent
*/
static void markTermAsChild(WhereClause *pWC, int iChild, int iParent){

    mask |= sqlite3WhereExprListUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pOrderBy);
    mask |= sqlite3WhereExprUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pWhere);
    mask |= sqlite3WhereExprUsage(pMaskSet, pS->pHaving);
    if( ALWAYS(pSrc!=0) ){
      int i;
      for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc; i++){
        mask |= exprSelectUsage(pMaskSet, pSrc->a[i].pSelect);
        if( pSrc->a[i].fg.isUsing==0 ){
          mask |= sqlite3WhereExprUsage(pMaskSet, pSrc->a[i].u3.pOn);
        }
        if( pSrc->a[i].fg.isTabFunc ){
          mask |= sqlite3WhereExprListUsage(pMaskSet, pSrc->a[i].u1.pFuncArg);
        }
      }
    }
    pS = pS->pPrior;
  }

    printf("\n*** Incorrect prereqAll computed for:\n");
    sqlite3TreeViewExpr(0,pExpr,0);
    abort();
  }
#endif

  if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
    Bitmask x = sqlite3WhereGetMask(pMaskSet, pExpr->w.iJoin);
    prereqAll |= x;
    extraRight = x-1;  /* ON clause terms may not be used with an index
                       ** on left table of a LEFT JOIN.  Ticket #3015 */
    if( (prereqAll>>1)>=x ){
      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "ON clause references tables to its right");
      return;
    }

      prereqColumn = sqlite3WhereExprUsage(pMaskSet, pLeft);
      if( (prereqExpr & prereqColumn)==0 ){
        Expr *pNewExpr;
        pNewExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_MATCH,
            0, sqlite3ExprDup(db, pRight, 0));
        if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) && pNewExpr ){
          ExprSetProperty(pNewExpr, EP_FromJoin);
          pNewExpr->w.iJoin = pExpr->w.iJoin;
        }
        idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
        testcase( idxNew==0 );
        pNewTerm = &pWC->a[idxNew];
        pNewTerm->prereqRight = prereqExpr;
        pNewTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
        pNewTerm->u.x.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;